HansonSymphony NO 2Romantic Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

HansonSymphony NO 2Romantic - Assignment ExampleThe true romantic melody introduced later on by the mellow arrange in the theme symbolizes the melody style of the 1930sThe symphony used here consist of an English horn, two bassoons, piccolo, 2 flutes, 2 clarinets in B-flat, contrabassoon, 2 oboes, 4 horn in F, 3 trombones, 3 trumpets in C, tuba, snare drum, harps, cymbals and strings (Simmons, 2004).The noble, warm and soothing sounds of horns provides the color signature and signify thematic leadership in this symphony and epitomizes the 19th century Romantic sound from Mendelssohn to Tchaikovsky.The onset of the major movement begins by a dark tercet-note with an ascending antecedent being heard from the winds forms the introduction to the traditional sonata-form movement. Acceleration of the tempo forms the introductory part of the descending themeHolds the whole piece together and throughout the three movement actions of the composition, it returns severally both as section t utties and solos. In a sense, it functions as sort of a thematic glue that binds the entire piece of melody togetherThe horns are launched in the culmination with a vibrant whoop of ballyhoos derived from the slogan theme, and later on expanded into an exhilarating horn-led brass opening at the midpoint of the movement midpoint (Cohen, 2006, p.

CRIME THREAT SYNOPSIS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

CRIME THREAT SYNOPSIS - Es tell apart ExampleOnline dating sites, for example, post personal information about individuals that may be used to garner a love interest. Households pay their credit card bills and manage their funds and finances online. School-aged children, once able to play with their friends tot every last(predicate)y by advance arrangement and/or face-to-face contact now enjoy forms of communication such as online gaming, texting, and chatting in a virtual reality, to say nonhing of social media websites such as Facebook or MySpace. However, the fact that the internet is a nameless, faceless cache of information with no feelings on the issue of concealment or confidentiality may well be the undoing of society as a whole. In the 1995 movie The Net, the leading character, a computer programmer, worked from radical, mainly online, and had some friends outside of her home. Upon leaving for her first vacation in six years, she found herself entangled in a scheme tha t saw her entire life and scour her very identity erased. She quickly found that she had been replaced by a stranger that was living her life, with her name. In one scene, a man even sits in a car with a portable computer and uploads false information into her police record to keep her on the run and trusting no one. Though in 1995 this movie was nothing to a greater extent than a wonderful work of fiction that garnered praise from moviegoers and critics, in 2011, the reality of such things occurring is all too familiar. With more and more information being transferred from paper copies to digital media, almost anything is possible whether information is true or not is another story altogether. According to the Internet discourtesy Complaint Center (IC3), a partnership between the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and the National White Collar Crime Center (NW3C), 336,355 complaints were received in the year 2009, up 22.3% from 2008 (Limbach). The main complaint was online fra ud, with persons or even entire families being scammed out of thousands of dollars. For example, one woman in California paid a company who represented themselves as a mortgage company called Loan Modifications of America a total of $3995 to modify the mortgage loan on her home (Limbach). The company turned out not to exist at all, and there is no one to go to that will give her money back, at least not as soon as it is needed. Now she is out almost four thousand dollars, due to someone else that desired to have money without doing an frank eight hours of work for it. Another wonderful yet disturbing facet of the internet and cyber-worlds is that it has brought the country closer together in terms of merchandise. Sites such as EBay offer online auctions across the country and even internationally for merchandise to be bought and sold to the highest bidder. In 2010, the IC3 reported that out of the top ten internet crimes, non-delivery of hire or merchandise ranked number one among them, with 14.4% of the complaints (Internet Crime Complaint Center 9-15). Though millions of users write online about positive experiences with EBay, and to be sure EBay is not the only site that lists products for sale, this is of little help or comfort to those that have been scammed and cheated out of their hard-earned money. It does not help, also, that auction fraud, as it is known, has been the leading complaint in cyber crimes, with 71.2% of all referrals being auction fraud since 2004 (Internet Crime C

A Response to Crossing the Tracks of Friendship and Dating Essay

A Response to Crossing the Tracks of Friendship and Dating - strive ExampleIt also shows that lately there have been signs of disagreements in the relationship on topics like religion, world involved in church, and also about being sexual (Braithwaite, 1999). Beneath the questions is the hidden issue of intimacy, whether they would indulge in it since they have started to get involved physically already or abandon it altogether in congruence to their concept of friendship.Despite their uncertainties, Robert and Anyas main objective is still all(prenominal) another(prenominal)s well-being because they do genuinely cognize each other and are, almost soul-mates (Braithwaite, 1999). That love is outwardly displayed in the form of constant chat about their relationship, that they can be open and direct with each other (Braithwaite, 1999). The dominant medium of communication is the late-night conversations over the telephone.Because of their willingness to talk openly together they seek solutions to their questions. One solution they have come up for their interpersonal issues is their mutual categorical agreement non to date. One convenient advantage is the clarity of the definition of friendship and its conventional boundaries, that they need not anymore court possible miscommunication or mixed signals with their actions towards each other.This is the best solution at hand because it is commonly agreed by both and leaves no dwell for ambiguity. The disadvantage, however, is that it currently halts any development towards and intimate relationship. A relationship is a dynamic process and two people who are attracted to each other and share the same values ought to have every room available for going to the next level, if permitted. Yet both also see the possibility that they dont have to see friendship and romance as excluding each other (Braithwaite, 1999), that maybe they can have both. An advantage of this solution is the acceptance and recognition that both concepts, although seemingly contradictory, can further enhance the relationship. In friendship is the quiet that Robert and Anya have already established in talking about anything of consequence which can probably lead, as they further mature, to a deeper understanding of each others ludicrous individuality and very personal needs that romance can fill in.This case teaches us that interpersonal communication is a practical necessity that requires a lot of work to interact well in society. Interpersonal communication is a work by itself. It s not just a inactive tool to be used to go about ones everyday business but is something that grows and can be developed through deliberate effort.One relevant theory in the case is the theory of Relational Dialectics of Leslie Baxter and Barbara Montgomery which tells about the simultaneous presence of the push and pull of tensions in a close relationship. The nestled the relationship is the more conflicts will come threatening to tea r the relationship apart (Cooke, Relational). It is evidenced by Anyas perception of Roberts lack of consideration of her feelings when he kissed her without her express consent, the early observation incompatibility, the playful accusations of who likes whom more with Roberts vehement rebuttal, Anyas supposed flirtatious nature and her denial of it. Under this theory, these potential conflicts are best

Multiculturalism and Citizenship Education Essay

Multi heathenism and Citizenship Education - Essay ExampleA common issue that arises is the problem of stereotyping. People experience preconceived notions about certain groups of people which oft result in conflicts. These preconceived notions are most often based on stories that have been handed down from generation to generation, blindly trusting in the words spoken without finding out the reality them.To prevent problems regarding race from getting worse, proper education is needed. More than putting forward a moxie of belongingness, citizenship offers a person or a citizen more than just his rightful place in this world. Along with a persons citizenship come a set of rights he is entitled to such as the right to vote, the right to acquire property and so on. With these rights also come a set of responsibilities, among which are obeying laws set by the government. (Family Guardian Fellowship n.d.). However, this is not enough. Citizens should be taught to acknowledge the exist ence of distinct cultural groups within the race. With this will come a better understanding some other groups and their role in society which will lead to better interactions among groups.Bernard Crick has this to say with regard to educating the public about citizenship, Citizenship is more than a subject. If taught well and spare to local needs, its skills and values will enhance democratic life for only of us, both rights and responsibilities, beginning in school and radiating out. (Citizenship Foundation n.d.., page 1)In the quote in the previous paragraph, Bernard Crick points out that citizenship should not be treated as just a subject taught in school. After cultivation school, one is supposed to be equipped with the proper skills, inculcated with the right values that would enable a person to be an active, contributing member of society. This, of course, would vary depending on a nations culture and need. Such a heavy burden lies on the shoulders of educators who are f aced with the task of imparting knowledge and moulding the minds of the worlds future leaders. They should enquire great care in doing this and in setting the right examples so as not to misinform students. On the part of the students, they should realize that once they have passed the subject, the matter of citizenship does not end there. After they leave school, it seems that they have forgotten about their lessons and go back to the old practices that put people of certain cultural backgrounds in stereotypes. In his article Multicultural Citizenship and post-devolution Britain an analysis of minority rights, political representation and redistributive justice, Tristan Clayton associates the recent changes that have occurred in the British political landscape with some(prenominal) contentions in Will Kymlickas work in Multicultural Citizenship. According to Clayton, Kymlicka claims that living in a culturally diverse society is achievable and necessary. Geographically speaking, the antithetical areas in a country has distinguishable types of climates, terrain and resources This leads to the fact that people that come from different parts of the same country may have adversely different sets of inherent cultures and beliefs. According to Clayton, Kymlicka attests that given this innate organization, the issues that concern groups of different cultural orientation should be addressed in such a way that all groups

Customer Driven Quality Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Customer Driven Quality - Research Paper ExampleOne of the driving factors for this trend is the impact of competition (Burrill and Ledolter, 1999, pg. 523). The endorsement major factor is the ISO 9000 system of standards. These standards provide a baseline by which processes and organizations are checked. The organizations strive to achieve certification as a stamp of approval. The last-place factor is quality awards. Companies compete to earn the highly visible quality awards. Not only do these awards make a statement about the organization, save these needs will have leverage in marketing campaigns (Burrill and Ledolter, 1999, pg. 523).The major factors that help define the value of quality have been presented. The next phase is to bind these factors to customer satisfaction. Greater levels of competition provide a catalyst to force companies to keep improving products or services. Consumers can generally choose from one of some(prenominal) companies to meet needs. One way fo r a company to keep customers is to provide a much greater level of satisfaction. The manufacturing industry will be use to illustrate this example.Automotive manufacturing is a $484 billion industry (Yahoo Finance, 2007). Quality plays a major role in the success of this business. According to industry data Toyota is soon at the top of the market capitalization with $228.3 billion. Toyota takes both employees and customer seriously when it comes to satisfaction. Toyota vehicles are in the top five in both the Midsize Car initial Quality and Midsize Car Reliability awards from JD Power (JD Power, 2007). These examples of quality awards and the financial standing in the industry provide evidence of Toyotas value of quality being important.Consumer trends depict the importance of fuel efficient vehicles that are still safe and fun to drive. Industry trends cited record-level gas prices for the beginning of the trend toward more fuel efficient vehicles. The foreshadow for the 2006 m odel year showed Japanese Big Three (Honda, Nissan, and Toyota) continuing to capture market shares. Customer needs were being met by these companies. Fuel efficient and mark vehicles were being manufactured with attention to quality (Edmunds, 2007). The manufacturers spotted the trend and produced quality vehicles that met the customers needs. Toyota maintains quality at all levels of the company. This method allows Toyota to garner the best input from any employee. Special attention is paid to Toyotas methods for gathering input from all employees. Toyota receives 4,000,000 ideas from its 80,000 employees. Since over 95% are implemented, this is over forty-six implemented ideas per employee per year (Wadsworth, Stephens, and Godfrey, 2002, pg. 92). Toyota leverages the knowledge each employee gains while performing job functions. This allows for a close check to be kept on the quality of the products being manufactured.StephService companies lose millions of dollars when failure s become repetitive. The failures force in redesign costs, liabilities, and transaction costs (Free Quality, 2007). Much of the business lost as a result of failures is the most serious cost and causes customer defection. The problem that service companies must provide is error-free services. Error-free service becomes challenging due to subjective

PESO Online Job Posting System Essay Example for Free

PESO Online Job Posting schema EssayINTRODUCTIONToday, we are living in a modern font age engaged in highly calculatorized technology where computer devices manifest everywhere aiming to put forward individual lifestyle and most especially in the be of business. Manual trading operations are considered emerge of date and are left behind because of modern technology. Using computers and modern technology is a great serve well to every individual most especially to business transaction. Individuals and companies today wants manual operations to be replace with an automated one in order for them to require a better and easy lifestyle and operations. But today, many companies even local government offices are using manual operations that consume a lot of succession, money and effort that gives every individual and companies a hard time. As modern technology continues to improve, all processes are automated and are locomote onto the weathervane or cloud based.The online rent out posting arranging replace the manual operation of the office regarding the posting of seams, referral and blanket of applicants, recording and creation of reports and discipline and screening and communication with companies. Online stock posting give improve the office services and put forwards convenience on the applicants, employers and office staff.EXECUTIVE SUMMARYThe Public participation Service Office or PESO is a multi-service facility that was established to provide information and assistance to pogey clients and constituents of local government units (LGUs). It causes operable nether one roof the various employment programs and services of the Department of Labor and exercise (DOLE) to enable all types of clientele to know much roughly them and to provide assistance on employment and income opportunities or other specific assistance conducted. Its services are to provide job fairs, livelihood and self-employment bazaars, Special credit rating Assis tance for Placed Overseas Workers, Special Program for enjoyment of Students and Out-of-School Youth, Work Appreciation Program, Workers Hiring forInfrastructure Projects and Other programs/activities developed by DOLE to enhance provision of employment assistance to PESO clientsHISTORYThis study focuses on the ordering process in Public Employment Service Office. The Public Employment Service Office or PESO is a non-fee charging multi-employment service facility or entity established or accredited pursuant to Republic Act zero(prenominal) 8759 otherwise known as the PESO Act of 1999. The Republic Act No. 8759 was signed in to law on February 14, 1999. Its purpose is to carry out full employment and equality of employment opportunities.Duties1. Ensure the prompt, timely and efficient delivery of employment service and provision of information on the other DOLE programs.2. Provide a venue where people could explore simultaneously various employment options and actually seek assista nce they prefer.3. Serve as referral and information revolve around for the various services and programs of DOLE and other government agencies present in the area.4. Provide clients with adequate information on employment and labor market mooring in the area.5. Network with other PESOs within the region on employment for job exchange purposes.Functions1. Encourage employers to submit to the PESO on a fixity basis a list of job vacancies in their respective establishments in order to facilitate the exchange of labor market information services to job seekers and employers by providing employment services to job seeker, both for local and a plain employment, and recruitment assistance to employers. 2. Develop andadminister testing and evaluation instruments for effective job selection, training and counseling. 3. Provide persons with entrepreneurship qualities access to the various livelihood and self-employment programs offered by both government and non-governmental organizati ons at the provincial/city/municipal/barangay levels by undertaking referrals for such(prenominal) program. 4. Undertake employability enhancement trainings/seminar for jobseekers as well as those would like to change career or enhance their employability. This function is presently supervised by TESDA and conducted by other training. 5. Provide employment and occupational counseling, career guidance, mass motivation and values development activities. 6. Conduct pre-employment counseling and orientation to prospective local and overseas workers. 7. Provide reintegration assistance services to returning Filipino migrant workers. 8. Perform such functions as willfully carry out the objectives of this Act.ORGANIZATIONAL CHART throw 1 PESO Organization ChartRESEARCH LOCALEFigure 2 PESO Location MapPROBLEM DEFINITIONCurrently, the Public Employment Service Office at San Jose Del Monte Bulacan is using a manual operation in posting of jobs, referral and screening of applicants, recording and creation of reports and information and screening and communication with companies.Companies having a hard time on submitting reports about the applicants they hire because of the manual operation, thus, the PESO staff are also having a hard time creating reports.Inconvenience, the applicants need to go to the office from time to time for them to know what jobs are available. And the companies must send arepresentative to communicate and present the needed requirements forrader they can become a suitable employer for PESO. The problems stated above will all be solved using the proposed system which is the Online Job Posting System.OBJECTIVES OF larnGenerally this study aims to solve issues that happened in the manual operations in Public Employment Service Office. The study is conducted to find out if minimizing the manual operations with an online job posting system could help Public Employment Service Office customers to achieve quality ordering service. Specifically, it a ims toIdentify the key issues relating to the development of an online job posting system and understand the flow posting of jobs, referral and screening of applicants, recording and creation of reports and information and screening and communication with companies. Identify the problem that the staffs, employers and applicants encountered in the animated manual operations of PESO Provide a solvent for the identified problem.SCOPES AND LIMITATION. The system which is job posting system will be utilise for the Public Employment Service Office. The system will be used by the staffs, employers, and applicants. The system will allow the applicants to browse jobs and be notified to new qualified jobs. It will also make the registrations of the applicants easy by not needing for them to go to the office. It will also benefit the employers, they will be no longer need to go the office just to communicate and give requirements. It will also make the creation of reports easy on the part o f staffs and employers.On the other hand, the system limitations are, yet citizens of San Jose Del Monte Bulacan can register online citizens of other city are required to go to the office of PESO of CSJDM for special cases. The said system cannot be used when there is power shortage and can only be used if there is an internet connection. Notifications through SMS are limited to those who provide their tinge information and to those who get under ones skin a good networksignal.PROJECT DESCRIPTIONFigure 3 Project Sytem LogoSIGNIFICANCE OF STUDYThe study will help the PESO to improve and speed up their services. The developed system will greatly improve the processes and replace the manual operations with a more(prenominal) organized and automated processes. It will give benefit the staffs, employers and applicants. Staffs- the proposed system will help the staffs to provide a more reliable and easy to do reports and records, more effective and efficient way of job posting, easie r way of screening, giving referrals, communicating with applicants and employers and will eliminate human errors.. Employers-the proposed system will help the employers to provide a more reliable and easy to do reports and records, convenient way of submitting requirements and communicating with PESO staffs. Applicants- the proposed system will help the applicants to register and search for jobs in a more convenient and easier way. It will save them effort, time and money. Proponents. The study allowed the proponents to gain knowledge and experience doing research study and learn how to automate a limited process. The study gives a great aid to the proponents to have a first-hand experience in making a system which can contri scarcee to the suitable solution of the companys necessity. Future Researchers. The study serves as a guide for future researchers having the same field of topic and subject matter. The study is capable of being an instrument and as future point of reference for the correlated study. The material can be a helpful citation of ideas to the future researchers having the same field of research.OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF TERMSUser Interface- the space where interaction between humans and cable cars occurs. The goal of interaction between a human and a machine at the user interface is effective operation and control of the machine and feedbackfrom the machine which aids the operator in making operational decisions. Admin- the admin will detect the system it can review reject and approve the profiles of every applicant or employer and jobs recruitment request of the company. Profiling- the act or process of extrapolating information about a person based on what is already known. Analysis is the process of breaking a complex topic or substance into smaller part to gain a better understanding of it. The technique has been applied in the study of mathematics and logic since before Aristotle (384322 B.C.), though analysis as a formal concept is a relatively recent development. Login The process of identifying oneself to a computer, usually by entering ones username and password. Logout Once a user has logged in, they can consequently log out or log off when access is no longer needed. To log out is to close off ones access to a computer system after having previously logged in. Referral the process of directing or redirecting to an appropriate agencyTECHNICAL DEFINITION OF TERMSCascading Style Sheets (CSS) is a style planer language used for describing the presentation semantics of a document written in a markup language. Its most common application is to style web pages written in HTML and XHTML, but the language can also be applied to any kind of XML document, including plain XML, SVG and XUL. (http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cascading_Style_Sheets retrieved October 2, 2014)Database is an organized collection of data. The data are typically organized to model relevant aspects of reality in a way that supports process es requiring this information. Database management systems (DBMSs) are specially designed applications that interact with the user, other applications, and the database itself to capture and learn data. (http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Database retrieved October 2, 2014) Fully Qualified Domain Name (FQDN) is a domain name that specifies its exact location in the tree hierarchy of the Domain Name System (DNS). It specifies all domain levels, including the top-level domain and the root zone. Afully qualified domain name is distinguished by its lack of ambiguity it can only be interpreted one way. (http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fully_qualified_domain_name retrieved October 2, 2014)Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML) -is the main markup language for creating web pages and other information that can be displayed in a web browser. HTML is written in the form of HTML elements consisting of tags enclosed in angle brackets (like ), within the web page content. (http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyper_te xt_markup_language retrieved October 2, 2014)JavaScript (JS) is an interpreted computer programming language. JavaScript is a prototype-based scripting language with dynamic typing and has first-class functions. Its syntax was influenced by C. JavaScript copies many names and naming conventions from Java, but the two languages are otherwise unrelated and have very different semantics. The key design principles within JavaScript are taken from the Self and Scheme programming languages. It is a multi-paradigm language, supporting object-oriented, imperative, and functional programming styles. (http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript retrieved October 2, 2014)JQuery is a multi-browser JavaScript library designed to simplify the client-side scripting of HTML. JQuery is free, grant source software, licensed under the MIT License. J querys syntax is designed to make it easier to navigate a document, select DOM elements, create animations, handle events, and develop Ajax applications. jQ uery also provides capabilities for developers to create plug-ins on top of the JavaScript library. This enables developers to create abstractions for low-level interaction and animation, advanced effects and high-level, theme-able widgets. (http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/jQuery retrieved October 2, 2014)Microsoft Excel -is a spread sheet application developed by Microsoft for Microsoft Windows and Mac OS. It features calculation, graphing tools, pivot tables, and a macro programming language called VisualBasic for Applications. (http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/jQuery retrieved October 2, 2014)MySQL runs as a server providing multi-user access to a number of databases, though SQLite probably has more total engraft deployments. The MySQL development project has made its source code available under the terms of the GNU General Public License, as well as under a variety of proprietary agreements. MySQL was owned and sponsored by a single for-profit firm, the Swedish company MySQL AB, now ow ned by Oracle Corporation. (http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL retrieved October 2, 2014)Network Is a collection of computers and devices interconnected by communications channels that facilitate communications among users and allows users to share resources. (http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network retrieved October 2, 2014)Portable Document Format (PDF) is a file format used to represent documents in a manner autarkic of application software, computer hardware, and operating systems. Each PDF file encapsulates a complete description of a fixed-layout flat document, including the text, fonts, graphics, and other information needed to display it. In 1991, adobe brick Systems co-founder John Warnock outlined a system called Camelot that evolved into PDF. (http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network retrieved October 2, 2014)PHP is a server-side scripting language designed for web development but also used as a general-purpose programming language. PHP code is interpreted by a web server with a PHP processor module, which generates the resulting web page PHP commands can be embedded directly into an HTML source document rather than calling an external file to process data.Server A computer, or a software package, that provides a specific kind of service to client software running on other computers. (http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Server retrieved October 2, 2014)Web browser- displays a web page on a monitor or mobile device. On a network, a web browser can retrieve a web page from a contrasted web server. On a higher level, the web server may restrict access to only a private network such as a corporate intranet or it provide access to the World Wide Web. On a lower level, the web browser uses the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) to make such requests. (http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_browser retrieved October 2, 2014)Webpage is a web document that is suitable for the World Wide Web and the web browser. (http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webpage retrieved October 2, 2014)We b server can refer to either the hardware (the computer) or the software (the computer application) that helps to deliver web content that can be accessed through the Internet. The most common use of web servers is to host websites, but there are other uses such as gaming, data storage or running enterprise applications. (http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_server retrieved October 2, 2014)World Wide Web is a system of interlinked hypertext documents accessed via the Internet. With a web browser, one can view web pages that may contain text, images, videos, and other multimedia and navigate between them via hyperlinks. (http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_wide_web retrieved October 2, 2014)XAMPP is a free and open source cross-platform web server solution stack package, consisting mainly of the Apache HTTP Server, MySQL database, and interpreters for scripts written in the PHP and Perl programming languages. (L. Grimmer, 2006)

Internet gambling Essay Example for Free

Internet caper EssayGambling online is sustaining exponentially, without the protection of authentic regulatory structures that ensure age and identity verification, the integrity/fairness of the games, or that trusty gaming induces argon included on a situation. In a poorly regulated Internet environment, this need investigates sport on twenty online web sends. Content psychoanalysis was utilised to evaluate whether the sample displayed amenable dramatic play features.In the absence of breaked, agreed, regulatory evaluation criteria, the researchers constructed their own, based on examples of good practice on avail able websites and fol lowing the recommendations of the Gambling Review Report 2001 and the Gambling mask 2005. The primary findings suggest that most online play sites argon responsible and most show elements of good practice, which is of interest apt(p) the unregulated environment and absence of policing.darn some features are derived from conve ntional looseness policies and regulatory influences, some are unique to the special ethical risks of gambol on line. Web designers and commissioning organisations wait to be hand anticipated mixer criticisms by incorporating guards against unethical outcomes before regulatory defends set out been imposed. As the impossibility of regulating/ supportling the Internet is a ballpark cliche in many a(prenominal) commentators analysis, this self-importance regulation and willingness to refrain from taking revenue from vulnerable punters, is intriguing.The authors recommend further research to establish an accurate picture, including the sizing and characteristics of the UK online gambling market. Secondly, to withdraw and compare online gambling with more(prenominal) traditional forms of gambling in terms of small-scale and hassle gambling. More studies need to investigate which forms of responsible gambling are most effective in reducing underage and problem gambling. Lastl y, the response of the industry to legislation and micro regulation would be a guide for policy makers and responsible industry practitioners. IntroductionSince the increased popularity of Internet access into homes and workplaces in the early nineties, Internet gambling opportunities have spread out at a surprisingly swift pace and more people are gambling online (Wood, Williams and Lawton, 2007). The unregulated nature and uncontrollability of the Internet, with low or no tax gambling, have created a perfect environment for the proliferation of gambling (Crist and Yeager, 1998). Anyone, anytime, anywhere with a computer, a connection, and a credit card can gamble at hundreds of different online gambling websites.Recent statistics state there are as many as 2,500 gambling websites currently operating consisting of 1,083 online casinos, 592 sports and race-books, 532 poker rooms, 224 online bingo sites, 49 skill game sites, 30 betting exchanges, 25 lottery sites and 17 backgammon s ites ( cassino City, 2006). Gamcare (2008) state that the number of Internet gambling websites is approximately 3,000. By 12 September 2007, the Gambling committee had received only 146 applications for operating authorises that include provision for online gambling, a minute proportion of the 2,500 sites worldwide.Internet gambling revenues in a single year were $651 gazillion in 1998, more than double the estimated $300 billion from 1997 (Sinclair,1999). Further, the global Internet gambling industry is forecast to grow from about $9,000 million in 2004 to $25,000 million in 2010 (European Commission, 2006). If the estimated figures are accurate, then the importance of Internet gambling will continue to rise. Gambling presents a macroscopical set of negative social consequences and online gambling has its own challenges beyond those of gambling in general introducing many new potential problems and rekindling many old ones (Griffiths,1999).Internet and land based casinos have problems nonice and deterring addicted gamblers. Even with the opportunity presented to physically verify age in conventional gambling outlets, no gambling jurisdiction is 100% effective in keeping out underage gambling (Gambling Online Magazine, 2004). It is feared that the anonymity offered by the Internet will exacerbate this problem. Computer-based systems allow gamblers to self-exclude or establish loss limits and whitethorn patronize a better chance of being effective than the current systems in most conventional casinos.Whilst a driven gambler can move from site to site, reports of histrions activities can be made readily available with contact details for bodies that aim to assist those with problem gambling issues. However, offline and online operators other than those regulated in the UK, do not furl information about a customers fiscal situation, spending or habits, for both practical and protection of privacy reasons. A person who has developed a problem moldine ss identify it themselves and take their own constructive step to deal with it.Operators only train staff to athletic supporter those who believe they have a problem and approach customer services. Presently there is no comprehensive research or definitive protestard as to how to identify someone who has developed a gambling problem. The prevailing view is that it is the minority of players who develop gambling problems. The current regulatory response to this issue is influenced by this perspective (EGBA, 2007). The Growth of Internet Gambling Several factors have contributed to the harvest-festival of online gambling. Internet access has increased globally and technologies that drive the Internet have improved. trustfulness in conducting financial feats online has increased and some governments have licensed online operators deep bulge out their borders. The ain computer extends the range of choice. Land-based casinos dictate which games are available to players. Online gambling lets players move through cyberspace to play the games they prefer. The Internet provides the tallest level of anonymity for conducting gambling. The more pervasive concern has been that the Internet attracts people away from person-to-person contact, fosterage alienation and real-world disconnection (Boase, 2006). The costs of establishing online sites are considerably less than those of land-based gambling operations. Flatt (1998) has estimated as little as $135,000. Problem Gambling The ability to gamble anonymously provides problem gamblers with a safe haven without physical scrutiny or surveillance (Scharf and Corrin, 2002). Problem gambling is categorised as an addiction. A severe rowdyism characterised by obsessive thoughts of gambling, a loss of control, often involving lying and stealing in order to recover gambling losses. As well as other negative consequences (Netemeyer,1998).Specific to Internet Gambling is the role that technology contributes to alteration in gambling habits (Griffiths, 1999). at that place are no regulated opening times, as exercised by terrestrial operations. It has been argued that there is an exodus from reality, in the sense that gambling online does not involve real cash. A gambler may lose control as he or she cannot see a cash balance and does not suffer a physical loss. Online gambling loses the social aspect of gambling creating the disadvantage that there are no friends or peers to discourage a gambler from going too far (Griffiths, 1999). minor Gambling.There is a high priority of protecting children from online gambling, considered more addictive than conventional forms of gambling, because of young peoples familiarity with and access to computer-based technologies (Conway and Koehler, 2000). They have a perception of control resulting from their skills honed playing endureStation or interactive video games, and may have a false sense of security boosted by their fluency (Mackay, 2004). Another conce rn is that underage gamblers have easy access to sites and to forms of gambling, from which they otherwise would be excluded by conventional outlets. Many sites offer a demo mode, i.e. play without wagering money.It is suspected that demo games may give very good betting odds. Adolescents who are successful on these games could develop a habit which continues when they reach maturehood and are well-groundedly acceptted to gamble for money, when the odds are no longer so favourable (Mackay, 2004). Regulation Gambling in its various forms is often seen as a deeply-rooted trait of the human activity, which although a source of gratification for many and not innately immoral, can cause harm to individuals. Gambling has long been subject to regulation by governments, reflecting moral, religious and semipolitical mores.A pragmatic motivation for such regulation is to generate revenue, which cleverness result in a conflict of interest in regulatory regimes, as the industry grows. The objective of regulation can vary from protecting consumers by ensuring the probity and integrity of the gambling operators and the purging of fraud and abuse of criminal activities, such as money laundering, to reduction of the social cost of problem gambling. There is a gap in the literature concerning the efficacy of regulation. Regulation of online gambling is a comparatively new phenomenon and it is too early to measure its effectiveness.There are debates about appropriate licensing frameworks, legal and technical standards for operators and cover issues, such as protection of customer funds, continuous and repetitive play and intervention to tackle problem gambling. Methodology Content analysis, adopted for this study, has been defined as a systematic, replicable technique for condensation many words of text into fewer gist categories based on explicit rules of cryptography (Krippendorff, 1980). Content analysis has four key advantages it is unobtrusive it is supple and applicable to unstructured materials it is context sensitive. it can be use to large amounts of data. The lack of research applying content analysis to websites is partially a result of the complexity of Internet information, in particular the definition of a website, the unit of analysis and the method of sampling. A major problem in conducting Internet content analysis is related to defining the term website. With a large peck of information on a website, it becomes unworkable to analyse the whole website. Therefore, parts of the website, the units of analysis, must be chosen for evaluation.In addition to size, websites differ in purpose, structure and content, therefore selecting a unit of analysis consistently across all samples is highly convoluted (Ha and James, 1998). Coding an entire website is strong and can introduce bias based on size. Selecting the unit of analysis is not an easy task as the volume of data can overwhelm the researcher. In this study the first step was to decide on the sample. The sample consisted of the top twenty most popular online gambling sites visited in Britain, according to www. gambling. com, www. cam-orl. co. uk.Internet-betting-online. html and www. ukcasinoguide.org. uk . The sites were accessed and coded during a period of three days, in February 2006. The term website was applied on a general level, defined as a pile upion of pages or files linked together and available online.The unit of analysis was the homepage, plus exertion down in the mouths. The study attempted to limit the analysis to the homepage. However, it was decided that the content available on a homepage was too limited and did not necessarily reflect the breadth and scope of content available on the whole website. The study experimented with gambling sites. A commonality of approaches indicated prima facie industry norms.The study observed evidence of good practice. The content of the websites was evaluated by characteristics providing fact ual information and of responsible gambling. The coding template was based on possible features associated with each of the two categories and was used to record the content of each website, within the unit of analysis. Ratings were based on how difficult it was to locate information. More drill downs meant the information was harder to find and scored a lower rating. It was believed that the more easily located and extensive the information, the more an online gambling operator was pull to responsible gambling.Reliability and Validity The reliability of a study involving content analysis refers to the stability and reproducibility of the results (Stemler, 2001). Stability requires researchers to code the data consistently. According to weber (1990), concerns regarding reliability often stem from the ambiguity of word meanings, category definitions, or other coding rules. The validity of a study involving content analysis is determined by the extent to which the definitions (includ ed in the tool) reflect the sub-categories. The validity of categories is enhanced by the inclusion of many words to arrive at the same judgment.For example, the words gambling and betting were considered interchangeable. One of the primary reasons to conduct content analysis is to collect objective information. Therefore, the study ensured that the procedure was clearly laid out and defined. It was consistently applied to the sample. The following three steps were taken to enhance the reliability and validity of the studys findings and to ensure that the information gathered was objective. First, to enhance the reliability of the results, afterward the tool was applied to the website, the coder re-coded the website on the same day to ensure accuracy.Second, the coding scheme was tested to ensure the suitability of the categories and the overall reliability of the tool. It was important that the propensity of variables was exhaustive and mutually exclusive in order to avoid any c onfusion. Lastly, to improve the validity of the results, the definitions were reviewed and expanded to ensure that there was an exhaustive list of words for each sub-category where applicable. For example, for the sub-category Addiction Help, words such as problem gambling, concerns about gambling, were included in the coding guidelines to broaden the category, allowing the coder to capture the data.Findings Considering the large amount of data collected, only the criteria of responsible gambling were analysed intensively. These are illustrated in Table 1. The key areas of concern, underage gambling and problem gambling are expanded in Tables 2 and 3 respectively. Sample characteristics Security Online gambling security is as good as most other e-commerce sites. There are no reported any security-related fraud (Turner, 2002). Online gambling sites know that cheating their customers is bad for business and therefore tend to be honest. The market is so competitive that the com slip of market leaders is paramount.Players are likely to switch to rival sites if practices are questionable. Payment systems are critical to the success of any online business and online gambling operators have their own particular challenges to face. The integrity of systems must be assured. pic Table 1 Voluntary Initiatives Systems must be secure from hackers and crackers, from both outside and from within. There are readily available codes to ensure security such as the use of encryption and digital signatures. These technologies are already in use. All sites accessed displayed secure transaction information.The dot com boom followed by the dot com crash has had Internet gambling casualties. Several Internet gambling operators have gone bankrupt. For example Netbetsports and Luvbet folded owing their customers money (Barker, 2007). These firms had a relatively high profile within the industry. Luvbet was one of the first bookmakers to promote an Internet site offering tax free betti ng. Netbetsports offered Internet customers high bet limits and tax free betting, when UK tax rates were still nine per cent. Internet gambling is expanding in ever-changing and unregulated websites (Hartman, 2007 Holahan, 2006).It is uncertain whether as an unmotivated consequence of domestic regulation risk taking clients might be challenged to gamble with unscrupulous vendors. This could represent an extra excitement factor, perhaps generating worse personal consequences, than in an unregulated environment. trusty gambling The concern with responsible gambling is the rationale of this study. It was intended to measure how online sites recognise that gambling can cause problems for customers and to investigate and record the measures to offer checks. The websites were evaluated according to how helpful responsible gambling information was.The study install no consistency in the responsible gambling information. British legislation requires mandatory procedures promoting sociall y responsible gambling. This should be clear and prominent on their homepage, if it is to be effective. Eleven sites displayed responsible features on the home page or easily accessible links. Most of the remaining sites contained these features, but access was difficult, hence their lower rating. Fair Gaming and Independent Audits Fair gaming refers to sites operating frankly and responsibly, ensuring monetary deposit safety and winning bets paid in a timely manner.Fifty-five per cent of sites accessed contained information stating that they were independently audited. Independent audits confirm the part of payouts of games, review the output and validity of the software, that it consistently produces random results and fair outcomes of games. For example Price Coopers Waterhouse at www. roxypalace. com. The Gambling Review Report (2001) recommends that online gambling software systems must be random-operated and tested by the Gambling Commission. Online sites must make payments only to the credit card used to make deposits or by cheque to the player.The study looked for evidence of these recommended features. Security and honesty of transactions are as important to the supplier as the customer. A bad reputation for online gambling sites could be commercially crippling (Griffiths, 2003). Therefore the responsible features recorded here do have an economic payoff. Ethical Statement An ethical code was a key metre to be assessed when visiting each site. Only one ethical code which covered policies on compliance and data protection, measures restricting minors and the risks of compulsive gambling, was observed.This might be seen as a narrow interpretation of corporate social responsibility (CSR) focussing on legal/rule based elements. Legal safeguards are problematic, since any Internet relationship questions which law should be complied with. Smeaton and Griffiths (2004) found two-thirds of the sites they visited displayed no evidence of social responsibilit y and concluded that social responsibility was a low priority for online sites. Problem Gambling Social responsibility can be evidenced by attempts to offer services in a way that does not encourage repetitive play or by supporting a client with a problem.Sixty per cent of the websites provided problem gambling information. Intercasino UK Ethics drill down finds the website is committed to detecting and reducing compulsive gambling with Med procedures including monthly deposit limits and analysis of gambling patterns (this information was not verifable for the study). Coral Casino connect to GamCare and facilities for nonchalant/hebdomadary deposit limits, self projection periods and access to customerHigh accounts. Platinum Play Casino tie-up to gambling support agencies and facilities for self-assessment tests, daily/weekly deposit limits, selfHigh exclusion periods, access to customer accounts and filtering programmes. Spin Palace Casino Link to gambling support agencies and facility self exclusion periods. Med City Club Casino Link to a statement of encouraging sensible gambling and link to Gamblers Anonymous. pocket-sized Roxy Palace Online Casino Link to Gamblers Anonymous website. Low 32 Vegas blood-red Link to Gamblers Anonymous website. Low Victor Chandler No link or message to be found. vigour imbalanced Vegas Casino Link to gambling support agencies and facilities for self-assessment tests, daily/weekly deposit limits, selfHigh exclusion periods and filtering programmes. English Harbour Link to Gamblers Anonymous website. Low Casino Tropez No link or message to be found. Nil Vegas Red Casino No link or message to be found. Nil Ruby Fortune Casino Link to gambling support agencies and facilities for self-assessment tests, daily/weekly deposit limits, selfHigh exclusion periods, access to customer accounts and filtering programmes. Eurobet Casino Link to GamCare and facilities for daily/weekly deposit limits, self e xclusion periods and access to customerMed accounts. UK Casino Club About Us link leads to a Responsible Gaming Policy which offers a self-assessment test, cooling off Med periods and exclusion options. Golden Riviera Link to Gamblers Anonymous website. Low William Hill Casino Link to GamCare and facilities for daily/weekly deposit limits, self exclusion periods and access to customerMed accounts. Hammers Casino No link or message to be found.Nil King Solomons Casino No link or message to be found. Nil www. 888. com Link to Gamblers Anonymous website. Low Table 3 Problem Gambling Information UK legislation requires educational activity of gambling operators employees to identify problems and to have procedures to sensitively deal with these. Fifteen sites had problem gambling information. Five linked to the Gamblers Anonymous website. Four sites offered assessment tests.It was not within the parameters of this study, to determine if online gambling sites follow up o n tests, when a result indicated a problem. Three of the sites accessed provided information relating to filtering programmes, which can block underage users. These could be found through links to other sites and there was a free trial download facility available. Self-exclusion and Deposit Limits A player who feels that he or she is losing control of play and requires help in restricting access to online gambling were served by eight sites in this study that provided the facility for self-exclusion.This option was never located on the homepage and accessed only through drill downs. The study could not determine if applications were processed immediately or if self-exclusion from one site meant exclusion from multiple sites. It was unclear if these schemes postulate the gambler to undergo counseling assessments prior to re-admission, or if after the self-exclusion period had lapsed the player automatically was included again. The study was also not able to clarify if players who re quest self-exclusion were given information about problem gambling counseling services.Computer-based systems can allow gamblers to self-exclude or establish loss limits and may stand a better chance of being effective than the current systems in most conventional casinos today. Whilst a determined gambler can move from site to site, reports of a players activities can be made readily available, with contact details for bodies that aim to assist those with problem gambling issues. Internet gambling operators are equipped to collect adequate data and information to be able to identify patterns of problem gambling (DCMS, 2006).There is the technological ability for operators to collect enough data to be able to identify patterns of problem gambling. This is a requirement of the 2005 Act. However, this is a prescription only for operators with a British licence and the position of the European Gambling and Betting Association (EGBA, 2007) is that it is extremely difficult to monitor an d identify when someone has begun to gamble irresponsibly. Therefore according to EGBA, offline and online gambling operators should not collect information about a customers financial situation, spending or habits, for both practical and privacy issues.Operators that act on this aim to establish a responsible reputation and may see it as a competitive advantage factor. Yet they may infringe the principle of privacy. An issue for regulators is whether to strike the power to compel operators to intervene in the event of identifying a problem gambler. The technical provisions in Britain for socially responsible Internet gambling have been drafted and are in the process are being applied. Assessment of the effectiveness of regulations in curbing problem gambling has yet to be done.Some sites permit customers to limit the amount of money that they are able to deposit into their account on both a daily and/or a weekly basis. It was remark that amounts may be revised downwards at any ti me, but increases are implemented after twenty-four hours. The online gambling operators are unable to invert limits set by customers. Some sites allow access to a players full history of transactions, withdrawals and deposits. The Gambling Review Report (2001) recommends online sites should be involve to set up facilities that enable players to set maximum stakes, limits and to self-ban.Protection of Underage Gamblers In order to ensure child safety online sites were evaluated for identity verification and exclusion facilities, such as the use of filtering software. The Gambling Review Report (2001) offers guidelines to ensure that identification standards are comparable to those of off-line casinos. It asserts that all players who register to play online should be properly identified before they are permitted to play. Age halt Most sites studied required a prospective gambler to only complete a registration form in order to play.These sites rely on the player to disclose their correct age and do not verify the accuracy of the information. Underage gamblers can use their parents credit cards or even their own to register and set up accounts (Schroeder and Versch, 1998). The Gambling Review Report (2001) recommends that players who register online should be properly identified, before they are permitted to play. All sites displayed an age warning on their homepage. 32 Vegas Red alone stated it had taken steps to ensure that their site did not attract young people and used software that stops the underage from joining.Smeaton and Griffiths (2004) have investigated underage gambling and found poor standards of verification. The concern is that many sites are not employing identity verifications systems to check the age of players and therefore allow underage play. Verification systems work by searching available government and financial databases, to find evidence to support the personal information supplied by the player. For example, credit ratings or inclu sion on the electoral roll can verify that the player is of the required age. However such searching again might threaten individual privacy.InterCasino UK logotype displayed on homepage. Ethics drill down reveals site requires customers to make that Low they are of legal age. Coral Casino Logo linked to statement that the company reserves the right to request proof of age. Med Platinum Play Casino Logo linked to statement defining the customer as adult and sane as per laws of domain of Med residence. Spin Palace Casino Logo linked to statement relying on responsible parenting.Med City Club Casino Terms of use up drill down states customer must be adult as per country of residence. Low Roxy Palace Online Casino Terms Conditions drill down states customer must be of legal age. Low 32 Vegas Red About Us drill down leads to Responsible Gaming drill down stating it is illegal for anyone High under 18 to open an account or to play and that they have taken steps to ensu re that the website does not attract young people and our website uses software that stops under 18s joining (this could not be verified by the study).Also requests responsible parenting. Victor Chandler Logo linked to statement defining the customer as adult as per laws of country of residence. Med sick Vegas Casino Logo linked to statement relying on responsible parenting. Med English Harbour Terms Conditions drill down states customer must be of legal age. Low Casino Tropez Terms of Use drill down states customer must be of legal age. Low Vegas Red Casino Terms of Use drill down states customer must be of legal age. Low Ruby Fortune Casino Logo linked to statement relying on responsible parenting.Med Eurobet Casino Logo linked to statement stating the company reserves the right to request proof of age. Med UK Casino Club Responsible Gaming drill down leads to downloadable Children Protection Software and urges High responsible parenting. Golden Riviera Terms Conditions drill down states customer must be of legal age. Low William Hill Casino Responsible Gaming drill down leads to statement that the company reserves the right to requestMed proof of age. Hammers Casino Terms of Use drill down states customer must be adult as per country of residence.Low King Solomons Casino Logo linked to statement defining the customer as adult and sane as per laws of country of Low residence. www. 888. com Link leads to statement that it is illegal for anyone under 18 to play and that they have taken High steps to discourage and track young people (this could not be verified by the study). Website recommends software supporting responsible parenting. Table 2 Age Verification Telephone Betting The Gambling Review Report (2001) states that aspects of online gambling should be more heavily regulated than conventional gambling.However, the Internets characteristics make it more difficult to regulate. This study looked for evidence of telepho ne betting and considered implications of this facility. The three sites that offer the player the facility of telephone betting have a UK High pathway presence. It could be argued that the reason why these organisations have added online sites to their operations is to expand opportunities. Using the BCG Matrix, the shops could be considered cash cows, well-established with high market share. The new online sites could be stars. The prospect of growth is exciting as are the opportunities (McDonald, 2002).Land-based operators provide an online presence, giving extra services for the player, the anonymity of play compared to their shops, higher levels of usibility, and possibly even more security, simply to grow their businesses, rather than to offer player protection in this feature (Johnson, 1997). Ultimately this criterion failed to help evaluate the concept of responsible on line gambling, given the virtual existence of most sites. Technical Support All sites provide 24-7 telep hone and technical support, with free numbers, player-to-technician online chatroom and email support.Every channel of parley is available to guarantee full access for a player. This measure is clearly very important to the site operators and customers. The sites are very competent in not losing customers through technical problems and offer very many points of contact. Yet the same form of in house supportive counseling service is not offered to problem gamblers. Licenses It is not illegal for British residents to gamble online, nor is it illegal for overseas operators to offer online gambling to British residents.However, the Gambling Act 2005 requires an operator to obtain a licence if they site any piece of equipment, for example a database, presentation device, or determining device in the UK, regardless of whether other devices are outside the country (DCMS, 2005). Gibraltar Canada Caribbean UK Unknown 5 7 6 1 1 .Table 4 Sources of Licenses As an example the City Club Casino is licensed by the Island of Curacao, but displays US and UK freefone numbers, in prominent positions on their website, which may mislead the player into thinking that the site is American or British. Another disingenuous feature is when UK appears.