Miranda Lambert Essay Example for Free

Miranda Lambert Es orderAlthough most will probably say someone close to them is inspiring, like their mother, grandmother, sister. In my opinion, they are your family, and you will always love and be inspired by them. Thitherfore I decided to import this on how a singer is inspiring to me. Her name is Miranda Lambert. Almost none of my friends have even heard of her. I guess because maybe shes a country singer and they dont really like country music? Who knows, but she is quite an amazing person. She grew up in a itsy-bitsy town in Texas. Not having money toughened me up a bit, but Ill always be grateful. Texas people are really rugged in their roots. I started writing and playing guitar at 17. Ive always loved music, and my dad is a singer-songwriter. Miranda once said. She was influenced personally by her father to take an reside in music. Her music is wonderful, and she has a beautiful voice. She writes almost all of her own songs, and they are full of meaning.For exampl e a hit song of hers, Gunpowder and unfold, is about women and how they should not take any shit from any one, let alone a man who hits them. Im even sitting here writing this, listening to her music. I mean not all of her songs have such a deep meaning, but they all are certainly songs you give the sack just sit back, and rock out too. Im in love with it, and such a huge fan. In my eyes, Miranda is unlike any star. She isnt a skinny, overrated, prissy little bitch who is only popular for one song, or how pretty they are.Miranda isnt even that main-stream, but still does what she loves. When she was a teen, she was on a show kind of like American Idol that got her career started. She went to Nashville, and came back to Texas almost immediately because she hated the pop sound of music, and wanted to pose original, and straight up country. Shes a country-rock girl, with meat on her bones, a strong head on her shoulders, and doesnt take shit from anyone, and will utter up if she ha s too. I mean, I dont know the woman personally, but she sure comes off as this way, and it rocksOh and who wouldnt be inspired by her She is only engaged in my opinon, to the best man in country music, Blake Shelton Ha Ha. Well, anyways, I saw her in concert a few months ago, and it was outstanding. I was so close, and as crazy as it seems, I think she made eye contact with me at one point I sound so cheesy, but she is a real role model for me. She is so successful in life, and just acts herself at all times. There are a meg blonde chicks who can sing. Ive always wanted to be different.This quote, straight from Mirandas mouth, has inspired me a lot. I know I cannot sing what so ever, and Im not blonde, but I want to be different, and for the most part I am. I am my own person, and I hope I can continue to be true to myself, and not let anyone tell me otherwise. Im not here to please anyone, or do what they want, Im here to please myself, and do what I like, and what makes me happy . And Miranda is a great example of this. This is why Country Singer, Miranda Lambert inspires me.

Stimuli Sensitive Polymers Types and Applications

Stimuli Sensitive Polymers Types and ApplicationsThe stimuli photo painful polymers have proved its applicability in forming hydro- gels 1, do drugs delivery2 and target specificity3. most stimuli sensitive polymers occur in nature standardisedeg, chitosan, cellulose, xyloglu open fire and many of them argon routinely synthesized like, poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm) and co-polymers of PNIPAAm4. Nature has designed composite anatomical structures in receipt to versatile external stimuli. For example, the nano-composite structure of collagen fibrils in sea cucumber alters stiffness of its inner dermis5. This alteration of connective create from raw material is rechargeable, which acts as a defense mechanism6, 7.Capadona etal.,synthesized a chemo-responsive polymeric nano-composite structure, which mimics the response of collagen fibrils when exposed to similar physiological conditions. This polymeric nano-composite is based on ethylene oxide-epichlorohydrin copolymer on to which rigid nanofiber network of cellulose was assimilated 8.Structure of cellulose whiskers, ethylene oxide-epichlorohydrin and polyvinyl acetate hyaloplasm polymer. Cellulose whiskers was isolated from tunicate cellulose pulp by sulfuric acid hydrolysis9.Study of nanocompositeisbased on a rubber like ethylene oxideepichlorohydrin (11) copolymer (EO-EPI) into which arigid cellulose nanofiber network was assimilated 9.Naturally derived stimuli sensitive polymers have inherent properties like biocompatibility, efficient degradation of byproducts and specific biological interactions, these polymers have limitations like limited availability, batch to batch variation resulting in composition, scummy mechanical strength as comp atomic number 18d to synthetic stimuli sensitive polymers. Naturally derived stimuli sensitive polymers like chitosan, a polysaccharide, which is not stimuli sensitive but could be made stimuli sensitive by mixing with glycerophosphate, other examples are cellulose derivatives like methyl cellulose, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose10. A list of naturally derived stimuli sensitive polymers along with chemical structures is mention in put over 1.1.1 Stimuli responsive polymersSynthetic polymers have proved there applicability as therapeutic agent in drug delivery. These polymers showbetter pharmacokinetic property with greater ability for tissue targeting. The synthetic polymershows response when stimulated by external stimuli hence, they are called smart polymer or stimuli responsive polymer 15. The stimuli-responsive polymer works on the principle of identification, evaluation of external subscribe and then by changing its structural conformation16.These stimuli are classified as physical (temperature, light, electrical field), chemical (pH,ion, redox)17, and biological responses.This results in change in a conformation, alteration in partition coefficient or solubility, drug release or more than one change at same time18.Physical res ponsive polymersSome polymers respond to physical stimuli like temperature, light, electrical field, magnetic field,etc.Polymers which become insoluble on heating, have lower critical solution temperature (LCST) like, PNIPAM 19, and those which become soluble on heating have upper critical solution temperature (UCST) like, poly (2-phenyl-2-oxazoline) (PPhOx) 20.Temperature sensitive polymersThermo-responsive polymers utilize small changein temperature to cause macroscopic alteration in polymer material 21. Various types of thermo-responsive fluorescent fixture polymers like a) PNIPAAmb) PNIPAAm-fluorescent labeled c)PNIPAAm-co-butyl methacrylate-fluorescent labeled, a hydrophobic co-polymer butyl methacrylate (BMA) was used to lower LCST to a precise temperature d) PNIPAAm-co-DMAPAAm-fluorescent labeled (Figure. 2), N,N-dimethyl aminicpropylacrylamide(DMAPAAm) causes increase in LCST throughhydrophilization of polymeric chain,where synthesized, which shows thermo selective cellular economic consumption, enables determination of ruler and pathological cell21.Light sensitive polymersThe light sensitive polymers undergo photochromism, in which, an reversible chemical transformation occurs between two isomeric forms of same structure after absorption of light22. Absorption of light leads to photochromism which results alteration in absorption spectra23. Pericyclic reaction, dissociation process, cis-trans isomerization, electron convey(oxidation-reduction) and intramolecular hydrogen transfer or group transfer are the mechanisms involved in it24. A reversible contraction and expansions in shape and volumes of photochromic light crystal elastomers (LCE) in response to light stimulation.These LCE filmscontainpoly(siloxane) as master(prenominal) chain and cross-linkedchromo-thermicazobenzene, this film was placed on solid support, which helps maintaining temperature to 85c.1.1.2 Chemical responsive polymersPolymer which exhibits change in configuration or which r esponds to chemical stimuli like pH, ion and other stimuli are known as chemical responsive polymers like, poly(methylacrylate)25.1.1.2.1 pH responsive polymerspH responsive polymers contain pendant reactive groups which when are cross-linked with other polymer forming hydrogel shows response to stimulus like pH 25. In recent years, muchwork has been exploredon co-polymerization of pH and temperature sensitive monomers17, 26. Graft co-polymers were synthesized to show temperature and pH sensitivity. A side chain temperature sensitive polymer (Figure 4.), the amino terminal ofNIPAAm was graftedon a carboxyl group of pH sensitive backbone polymer, like poly(acetic acid) (PAAc), in the presence of dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC) and methanol by exploitation coupling method26.Stimuli sensitive polymer- stain conjugationDyes or indicatorsare used to sense or react to particular stimuli like pH and temperature 27. Some indicator changes distort in H+ and OH ion solution due to which they are use as pH sensitive dyes and those which changes color by deflection in temperature are use as temperature sensitive dyes 27. A list of thermo-chromic polymer-dye conjugations are shown in table 2.The novel chromogenic polymer gel network was synthesized by mixing poly(alkoxy) derivative with bromothymol blue, which yields transparent green gel (Figure 5.), at 33c, green gel turns intolight yellow gel with gradual increase in temperature29. In table 2, list of different chromogenic polymer gel networks arementioned.Poly(alkoxy) gel network was used to form complex with other dyes like, nitrazin yellow, where, color of gel network changes from blue to green. Similarly, for chlorophenol red, where color changes from red to yellow polyvinyl acetate-borax-cresol, phenol substituted dye (cresol) was conjugated with PVA-borax complex to obtain thermochromic hydrogel. Other example, PVA-borax-2,6-diphenyl-4-(2,4,6-triphenylpyridinio)phenolate (DTPP) forms reversible thermochromic hydro gel.Such system shows color change and increase in absorption by a gradual increase of temperature. The absorption spectrum of DTPP explains dependency of absorbance on temperature causes bathochromic set up of absorption maximum 28.InBorax-PVA-DTPP network,DTPP was embedded in PVA-borax gel matrix, boric acid is cross linked to PVA polymer that is, borate ions reacts with hydroxyl group present on PVA to form monodiol-borate complex and didiol-borate complex 30.Another example of gel containing dye composed of two polymers (PVA and polyether) includes addition of zwitter boncesurfactant, which is a dipolar surfactant,was selected to avoid strong ionic interaction with anionic dye. This surfactant, like, sulfobetain forms aggregates above its critical micelle concentration therefore, it can influence U.V-absorption spectra of a water soluble dye like phenol red as shown in 31.The dye can also be conjugated with dendrimer to enhance imaging applications and for metal ion probing32. For example, generation 5 poly(amidoamine) G5(PAMAM) dendrimercontaining 128 surface sites which can incorporate 0 to7 dyes like, 6-carboxytetramethylrhodamine succinimdyl ester (TAMRA), fluorescein. Acetylation yields complete conjugate of dendrimer and dye 33.nano sized stimuli sensitive polymers have been proved to show response to external signaling 34. pH sensitive system was ready by the combination of two modified pH sensitive indicator dyes like, N-fluoresceinylacrylamide (FA), and N-acrylamide-N-rhodamine B thiourea (Rh B) (Figure. 11).These two functional monomeric dyes were copolymerized with acrylamide and methylenebis(acrylamide) in w/o micro-emulsion to form dye conjugated poly(acrylamide nanoparticles 35. Synthesis ofN-fluoresceinylacrylamide- N-acrylamide-N-rhodamine B thiourea (FA-Rh B)copolymerized nanoparticles. The two functional monomeric dyes FA and Rh Bwere co-polymerized with acrylamide and methylenebis acrylamide in w/o micro-emulsion 35.Fluorescence emissi on spectra of polyacrylamide nanoparticle conjugated with fluorescein and rhodamine dye. The fluorescence emission intensity of Rh B remains unchanged with increasing pH whereas that of FA increases.An amine functionalized RAFT co-polymer poly N-(2-hydroxypropyl) methacrylamide-bN-3-(dimethylamino)propyl methacrylate poly (HPMA258b-DMAPMA13) was labeled by fluorescent dye like, 6-(fluorescein-5-carboxamido)hexanoic acid, succinimidyl ester (5-SFX) using anhydrous DMF along with triethanolamine which contact action the reaction 36. The primary amine of poly(HPMA258-b-DMAPMA13) is more reactive than tertiary thiol group this allows conjugation of 5-SFX with poly(HPMA258-b-DMAPMA13).-cyclodextrinis cyclic oligosaccharide 37, which has been proved for large number of applications like, increasing solubility 38, detection of compounds 39, immobilization of toxic compounds 40, drug release 41 etc. Some dyes were conjugated in complexing agent like an azo dye indoors -cyclodextrincavity .Azo dye like methyl red indicator shows color change from yellow to red as pH decreases, this is because of the protonation of azo group (Figure 14.). Methyl red (MR) shows yellow color when complexes with -CD even in acidic pH 4.The complex was formed in dimethylacetoamide by using an condensing agent like, dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, it becomes useful in detection of indifferent species which will act as guest inside MR--CD complex and will replace MR, which changes its color to red 42.Role of polymer-dye conjugation in cellular uptakeCellular uptake consist of endocytosis process in which extracellular compounds are captured by plasma membrane forming vesicles. Along with endocytosis there are other methods like, receptor mediated pathway, phagocytosis and micro-pinocytosis43.The plasma membrane of a eukaryotic cell has a barrier which allows small and uncharged molecules to pass through it44.The nano sized polymers, despiteplasma membrane barrier, can irreversibly interact with lipid membraneby insertion of dangling side chains into the hydrophobic region of cell, which can be explained by molecular dynamics45.Polymer like 2-methcryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine (MPC) was copolymerized with n-butyl methacrylate (BMA) forming poly(MPC-co-BMA)46,thecovalentlylabeledrhodamine Btopoly(MPC-co-BMA) (rhoPMB)was synthesized using free radical polymerization method with perbutyl-ND as an initiator.RhoPMB30 was distributed inside live HepG2 cell (a human hepatocellular liver carcinoma cell line).Natural polymer is applicable in biomedical, environmental science and agricultural field like, hydrophobically modified glycol chitosan (HGC) that can form stable nanoparticles. HGC shows prolonged blood circulation period when the particle size is controlled. It accumulates selectively inside neoplasm cell when administered systemically 47 and applicable in delivering various therapeutic agents like, peptides, genes and small anticancer drugs 43.The polymer conjugate prob es are applicable for penetration inside the membrane of tumor cell for treatment48, detection49 or diagnosis50, 51.Further study for the conjugation ofpolymer and pH sensitive dye to form a reusable system which will sense or exhibit color change at different pH ranges.

Teenage Purchasing Decisions for Cosmetics

immature Purchasing conclusions for CosmeticsChapter 1 IntroductionThis introductory chapter is divided into five subsections. Firstly, a drawing background of the re look exit be presented. Thereafter, the problem discussion entrusting be provided, which in turn lead lead to the purpose and object glasss of the seek. Finally, the delimitations and summary of the speech will be set.1.1 interrogation Background harmonise to Kotler (2008), consumer bearing is the muse of how raft secure, what they demoralize, when they buy and why they buy. It is a subcategory of securities industrying that blends ele custodyts from psychology, sociology, socio psychology, anthropology and economics. It attempts to downstairsstand the buyer finish- devising process, some(prenominal) unmarriedly and in multitudes. It studies characteristics of various(prenominal) consumers much(prenominal) as demographics, psychographics, and behavioral variables in an attempt to understand lot involve. He similarly stated that it as well tries to pass judgment deflects on the consumer from group such as family friends, reference groups, and society in usual for example patch consumers grease adepts palms the shoe, because they go for family finale, comfort, satisfaction, price and eccentric (Kotler, 2008).According to Baker (2002), consumers atomic number 18 non aw be of the crops and usage simply constantly they be choosing among the various products. They ar intentionally procuring the various new brands without some(prenominal) cheatledge roughly the new products. Additionally if new company submits into the market, for either consumer it is very complicated to understand the features of the news products and this makes confusion among the consumers to obtain the teaching. For example If hotshot local company enters into the market then to increase the fellowship just almost the features of the new product, it will take prospicient m for the consumers to recognise.Baker (2004) stated that the consumer will serve harmonise to the product quality and reliability, the fundamental understanding of products is needed to understand the product features, products reliability and product benefits. The consumer is the end user for the product consumers buy the products in market in give to execute flourishing gross gross revenue operations in the market an efficient distri justion channel and ne devilrks atomic number 18 necessitate for the organisations. He also stated that advertisement, distri merelyion channels and networks behave an all classic(p) role in the consumer goods industry. Manufacturing companies, seller and suppliers do not defend an idea about the consumer demeanour in the local market. Thomas (2004) suggested that direct trade activities should be left to the local market leaders, because the local market leaders cast dress hat idea of local market and local consumer behaviour.In the curren t literature, at that place are two major snugglees to fielding consumer ratiocination- reservation involving screening and filling. One approach is to contribute the single-stage choice models by adding an explicit choice set from which the final choice is made (Swait Adamowicz, 2001). An an separate(prenominal) approach studies the process of screening prior to choice (Teder, 2000). soul consumer conclusiveness-making is important. From a practical perspective, merchandising managers are increasingly concerned that their products/brands whitethorn not be considered or chosen over those of their competitors. From a look into perspective, a more than(prenominal) representative model of the staged conclusiveness process whitethorn signifi dejectiontly improve our ability to predict consumer choices (Roberts Lattin, 1991).Recently, the growth of cosmetic industry in the global dishful market represents a slight slowdown callable to a weakened economic state in the most veritable markets and declining brainstorm of emerging markets. However, among the gloomy picture of the worlds cosmetic industry, the Asian market emerges as the brightest star as according to the Euromonitors report (2009), the Asia Pacific markets value is up to more than US$70 billion which is the flash highest after the Western European market. Among the European markets, UK is the fastest growing market with the compound growth rate of cardinal percent over the period of 2000 to 2005. The economic growth of more than seven-spot percent a year since 1990 could be the reason why the UKs cosmetic market has attracted a lot of the worlds cosmetic leaders like Unilever, LOreal, Johnson Johnson and PG. These cosmetic companies activities in UK help creating an exciting and competitive cosmetic market (Euromonitor, 2009).Consumers unique shopping patterns are developed and changeed by friendlyization agents, which overwhelm family, lucifers, and the media. According to Lachance et. al (2003), these socialisation agents may often impact whether or not the adolescents will buy certain products or brands.. However Miller et.al (2003) claims that celebrity endorsements do not order consumers purchasing behaviour. In contrast Boyd and Shank (2004) maintain that consumers, particularly teenagers, are presumable to accept products or brands that are endorsed by celebrities.Moreover, peers are likely to exert prescriptive and informative exercise. Lachance et. al, 2003 place that they may crook the teenagers brand and product choices. Additionally, an individual is likely to conform to a group if he or she shares beliefs and norms with the group (Arnould et.al, 2004). Also, a group is likely to effectively exert influence on an individual if the individual is highly committed to the group (Hawkins et al, 2004).1.2 Reason merchant ship Choose the TopicThe main reason behind chosen this topic is foregoing(prenominal) studies ready not precisely conducted a foc employ investigation into the influence of peers and celebrities on fifteen to 18 year-old womanishs purchasing behaviour in cosmetic products. most re chasees on peer influence were conducted on popular consumers with general products (Elliott and Leonard, 2004). Moreover, As for researcher, she al styles felt that Consumer Buying behaviour is one of the most interesting subjects for her and as a female she thought to do a dissertation on the influence of celebrities endorsement on female teenagers would suitable for her to work on. Researcher did previous semester in LSC and she took a course on Research and Methodology (RM) which helped her to know the format of the research paper. Moreover her supervisor Dr.Fahads motivation and encouragement had helped researcher to select this topic. Researcher have studied out many articles of Consumer Buying Behaviour and annual reports of different cosmetic company and tried to sort out a topic, which is going to be su itable for her dissertation according to supervisors suggestion. This dissertation will help cosmetics firms and retail caudexs develop a precise marketing strategy to call down to teenage consumers and to understand their purchasing behaviour.1.3 Research ProblemAccording to the website of BHB (2009), truelove and cosmetics are not innovations of the 20th century. It is known from reports of old Egypt and the Roman Empire that people have ever since attached importance to a cultivated appearance. numerous up to date studies prove that today more than 60 per cent of women real care much about beauty, cosmetics, shin and body care. Even men show an increasing interest and demand in products such as skin care cosmetics, creams or anti senescent lotions.To place and keep a cosmetic product successfully in the market, it is vital for companies active in manufacturing and merchandising cosmetics to have extensive scientific pharmaceutical and market research done. It is critical for manufacturers of natural cosmetics or make up to know about consumer behaviour, trends and demands in the sector. Consumers cleverness decide for a product because of its characteristics, its care factor, its sensitivity or its branding and attractive packaging. Cosmetics companies use the desires, senses and images consumers have or require to experience. More and more often, companies allow celebrities and super models act as testimonials for fragrances, organic cosmetics or anti aging make up cosmetics. Colourful and exciting advertisements on TV, the internet or in print media tremendously influence consumer purchasing behaviour and desires. Packaging and the normal of, for example, perfume bottles, let a cosmetics product appear even more sought after and trendy. This dissertation will focus on beauty products in order to help cosmetics industry and retail stores develop a precise marketing strategy to appeal to female teenagers and to understand their purchasing beha viour. Previous studies have not precisely conducted a focused investigation into the influence of peers and endorsers on fifteen to eighteen year-old males purchasing behaviour in cosmetic products. Most researches on peer influence were conducted on general consumers with general products (Cited in Escalas and Bettman, 2003). However, some research has investigated this influence among children (Piacentini and Mailer, 2004). According to Klein (2001), teenagers are mostly influenced by friends and may not unavoidably be influenced by celebrities. Additionally, no research has been conducted on symbolic inhalation in relation to beauty products among the above-mentioned age groups. The researches were conducted on general consumers with general products (Piacentini and Mailer, 2004).1.4 Research Aim and ObjectivesThe purpose of this airfield is to investigate internal and away influences on teenagers purchasing decisions on cosmetic products in London. This research also invest igates that how celebrities influence the brand choice of teenagers buying behaviour towards cosmetics in London market.The key objectives of this study are outlined as followsTo investigate how consumer buying behaviour factors influence female teenagers when purchasing cosmetic products.To explore the role of peers and celebrities and their influence on female teenagers purchasing decisions of cosmetic product.To analyse how celebrities influence the brand choice of offspring females buying behaviour towards cosmetic products in London market.To give recommendation and conclusion.1.5 Research LimitationsThe delimitations of a research study indicate its parameters that is what the study will take and not include (Creswell, 2003). The scope of the study was limited to female consumers aged fifteen to eighteen living in the UK, specifically London city. This was due to time and budget constraints. In addition, the study that examines beauty products as opposed to general products . Further, the focus of the research was on symbolic consumption, peer groups and aspiration groups including beauty products endorsements rather than all internal and external influences.1.6 Structure of the DissertationChapter 1 In this chapter mainly it talks about universe of this dissertation, which also includes skeleton introduction of the topic, research background, sagaciouse behind adopt the topic, problem statement, aim and objectives and limitations of this research.Chapter 2 The mo chapter is the literature review of this dissertation concerned about, the works of various authors and scholars who have highlighted and discussed about the theories of consumer behaviour and celebrities endorsement from different dimension.Chapter 3 This chapter will analyse the boilersuit market overview of cosmetics products in UKChapter 4 This third chapter will discuss the research regularity used in this research paper. Research method allows the researcher to blueprint and desi gn the whole research in a proper route and shows the right direction to achieve an outcome. So the chapter explains the reasons behind the use of selected research method and the advantages by using the specified research approach.Chapter 5 This chapter discusses and analyses the market information and survey for the sake of the research. It also shows the data those have been gathered through interviews of customers, sales representative, and analyse the data to provide a fruitful meaning of the research finding.Chapter 6 This chapter has been discussed the research recommendations, limitations, further research on this topic and also take in how managers sewer get benefit or managerial implications of this paper.Chapter 2 belles-lettres ReviewThis chapter is the theoretical foundations that underpin this research study. In this chapter the theoretical framework relevant to dissertation purpose and questions will be presented. The chapter starts with a presentation of the brie f discussion on consumer buying behavior, followed by buy decision process and teenagers acquirement process and thereafter theories regarding factors influencing the purchase decision will be discussed. The interest chapter presents the theoretical foundation of this research. The framework of the literature review is outlined.2.1 Consumer behaviorConsumer behavior is the study of consumers as they exchange something of value for a product or renovation that satisfies their needs (Well Prensky, 2003, p.5). The study of consumer behavior focuses on how individuals make decisions to spend their available resources (time, money, effort) on consumption related items (Schiffman Kanuk, 2004, p.5). In short, the company should study and create the marketing campaign for their rear end group. But in the product behavior cycle, due to the consumer behavior the image, target audience or function of this product can be in change. This group of consumers have a diversity of needs, such as a need for belonging, in betence, approval, and responsibility, as well as having the need for experimentation (Solomon et al. 2004). Teenagers are increasingly given the task of buying products for the family. They not only have more spare time but also enjoy shopping more than their parents do. For this reason, marketers are targeting their ads mainly at teenagers. To gain teenagers attention more effectively, advertising campaigns moldiness be honest, have clear messages, and used with humour. Moreover, teenagers tip to be absurd and are likely to faulting brand preference quicker than any other age group, as they have a high need to be accepted by their friends (Blackwell et al. 2001). Finally, teenagers are easier targets, because they have grown up in a culture of pure consumerism. Because of this, they are mood more tuned into media because there is so much more media to be tuned into (Bush et al. 2004, p. 109).Teenagers enjoy advertisements a McCann survey shows that 75% of a sample of mixed 15-25 year olds felt that advertising was entertaining and 68% verbalize that they found it a useful source of ideas about what to buy (Piper, 1998). When youths needs and desires are understood, marketers can show young consumers how products improve their lives. Harris Interactive, a Rochester, youthful York-based market research firm, estimates that teens spend on average $94.7 billion periodical ($3,309 per capita), while young adults between ages 20 and 21 spend $61.3 billion yearly ($7,389 per capita) (Schadelbauer, 2006). He also stated that interestingly, 69% of the U.S. youth respondents of one survey said that their parents pay their bills and they have little or no idea of who provides their telecommunications function or how much they cost. In the databases mentioned above, there are studies about ethical aspects of marketing to youth, whether regarding clothing, soft-drinks, cosmetics, technology, movies, records, food, and tapes exchange. Some companies use collected appeal in their advertisements. The young people distinguish themselves among social classes to the detriment of their natural behavior by purchasing cool products. Misleading advertisements change the behavior of young people and can affect them when they grow up. In the 1980s, Nike and Calvin Klein brands began to focus on brand capital rather than on products themselves. Now, the brand exposes become the objective of the purchase in itself (Bergadaa, 2007). In particular, cigarette and alcohol producers are criticized by those who say that they are marketing to fledgeless consumers (Schadelbauer, 2006). According to the Keynote UK marketing report (2008), respondents were asked if they had used any so-called celebrity fragrances, as industry comment has been made on the publicity of such brands. Those who used fragrances endorsed by celebrities, who tended to be in the youngest age group, were most likely to have chosen Britney Spearss fragrance others of popularity include the Beckhambranded fragrances, and the Jennifer Lopez and Kylie Minogue fragrances The report also stated that the retail chain The Perfume Shop names Stunning by Katie footing (the glamour model springly known as Jordan) as its most popular female fragrance of 2007, with Shh by Jade Goody in atomic number 42 position and Coleen by Coleen McLoughlin (the celebrity girlfriend of Manchester United football superstar Wayne Rooney) in fourth place. The Fragrance Shop, meanwhile, lists Coleen, Curious (Britney Spears) and Kate (Kate Moss) among its ten bestselling womens brands in 2007.2.2 Consumer last making theoriesAcoording to Shao (2006), the decision literature can be classified into three broad categories 1) normative 2) behavioural, and 3) naturalistic. In this section the differences between the three different approaches to studying consumer decision behaviour is identified.2.2.1 prescriptive decision theoryNormative Decision surmise originated in the economic discipline. According to Shao (2006), earliest researchers viewed decision-making as gambles and decision makers as economic men striving to maximise payoffs. The word normative describes how decision makers should behave in order to obtain maximum payoffs. Examples of Normative Decision system include judge Utility Theory adapted by Neumann Morgenstern (1947) and Subjective Expected Utility Theory adapted by Savage (1954) (Cited in Shao, 2006).An important addition of the Expected Utility Theory is the Subjective Expected Utility Theory proposed by Savage (1954). The main difference between the two is that the former uses objective probabilities, while the final uses subjective probabilities. By substituting subjective probabilities for objective probabilities, Subjective Expected Utility Theory proposes that the decision maker may be uncertain about whether the various outcomes (payoffs) will actually occur if the cream is chosen (Beach, 1997). On the other ha nd according to Schoemaker (1982), Normative Decision Theory is actually a family of theories and at their core is a rational decision maker. The implied decision process is a single-stage process of consistent calculations of the options utilities. He also stated that consumer decision-making is a complex process. However, the normative assumptions are imposing an order on the complexity of decision-making (Beach, 1997). Over time, there has been growing discontent with the normative approach to studying consumer decision-making because the observed decision behaviour often violate the underlying assumptions of Normative Decision Theory.2.2.2 Behavioural decision theoryBehavioural Decision Theory emerged when decision researchers observed that decision makers seldom make explicit tradeoffs, let only explicit use of probability and their preferences are constructed, not invariant (Bettman et al., 1998). The rational decision maker depicted by Normative Decision Theory was challenge d by Simon (1955) who argued that decision makers have only bounded rationality and is seeking to satisfy. He also argued that Normative Decision Theory put severe demands upon the choosing organism and those consumers do not necessarily search for all available alternatives, but choose the first feasible alternative that exceeds a given amount of payoffs. However he also proposed classic Satisfying strategy that was employed on decision makers in complex choice situations (Cited in Shao, 2006)2.2.3 realistic decision theoryNaturalistic Decision Theory originated from the discipline of organisational behaviour. According to Shao (2006), many researchers have developed various naturalistic decision models based on their observations of how decisions are made by individuals in natural environments. For example, a decision maker such as a provoke ground commander will first recognize the fire situation, generate a few potential plans of actions, use cognitive conception to assess the appropriateness of each plan to controlling the fire, and then act on the plan that he believes is the most appropriate (Cited in Orasanu Connolly, 2009).2.3 The Buying Decision ProcessThe consumer decision making process consists of mainly five steps according to most researchers within the field (Peter and Olson 2005, p.169). They also stated that the steps included in the model are need or problem realisation, information search, military rank of alternatives, purchase and the post-purchase process. However, not all purchased require every step. Consumer can neglect the valuation of alternatives when considering low involvement products (Peter Olson 2005, p.168). According to Hawkins et al. (2001, pp.26-27) there are more aspects than only decision making process that affect consumer behavior which are external and internal influences.2.3.1 Problem recognitionThe consumer decision making process generally begins when the consumer identifies a consumption problem that needs to be solved (Hoyer MacInnis, 2007, p. 195). Problem recognition is the perceived difference between an ideal and actual state. Ideal state is the way consumers would like a situation to be or the way they want to feel or be at the present time. An actual state is the way individuals perceive their feelings and situation to be at the present time (Hawkins et al., 2001, p.508). It can be said that consumer encounter the dissatisfaction or inconvenience situation and they would like to break to other preferable ones, problem is therefore recognized (Hawkins et al., 2001, p.508).2.3.2 Information searchOnce the problem is recognized, relevant information from the past experience or long term memory is used to determine if a satisfactory event is known, this is called internal search (Hawkins et al., 2001, p.528) and if the solution cannot be found in internal search then the external information relevant to the problem will be sought. Normally after problem recognition has been sti mulated, the consumer will usually begin the decision process to solve the problem, typically from internal search because each consumer has store in memory a variety of information, feelings and past experiences that can be considered when making a decision (Hoyer MacInnis, 2007, p.195). However, the stored memory can be decayed overtime, then they will be uncertain about their recalled information they will be engage in external search, acquiring information from outside sources. According to Hoyer and MacInnis (2007, p.205), consumers can acquire information from five major categories of external sources such as from retailers, media, other people and independent sources, and by experiencing the product. After curious for appropriate rating criteria, the consumers would probable seek appropriate alternatives-in this case brands, or possibly stores. They also identified that brands are affected in internal search and external search. In the internal search, consumers recall t he sets of brands from their memory wherever the problem recognition occurred. Normally two to eight brands are tended to recall at a time and if they cannot recall brands from memory, the set of external factors such as availability on the shelf or suggestion from salesperson will then affected consumers purchasing. Additionally, well-known brands are more easily recalled during internal search than unfamiliar brands because the memory links associated with these brands tend to be stronger (Hoyer MacInnis, 2007, pp. 203-204).2.3.3 Evaluation of alternativesThe next step in the process is an evaluation of the alternatives which consumer compares the available options and information that has been gather through the searching process (McCall et. al., 2002) and seem most likely to solve the problem. There are two methods that consumers use when evaluating alternatives, which are attribute-based choice, this choice requires the knowledge of the consumers to compare the attribute of ea ch available alternative and tends to effort more effort and time, thus to be rational in the evaluation. And the other method applied is billet-based choice, this method occur when consumers use their emotion, such as position and impression, in their evaluation (Hawkins et al., 2001, pp.560-562).2.3.4 Purchase decisionConsumers evaluate the stores image such as merchandise, service, physical facilities, convenience, promotion, store atmosphere, institution and post-transaction factors and make a selection to purchase at that specific outlet. On the other aspect, amount of the purchase, it is common that the consumers enter to one outlet with an intention to buy a particular brand but leave the store with a different brand or additive items. This shows the influences operating in the store effect consumers purchasing decision (Hawkins et al., 2001, pp.609-618).2.3.5 Post purchase behaviorAfter purchase, the customers evaluate their level of satisfaction or dissatisfaction with the product. vendee satisfaction is determined by how close the products performance came to meet the buyers product expectations (Hoyer MacInnis, 2007). They also stated that consumers can experience dissonance (anxiety over whether the correct decision was made) or regret after a purchase (pp.272-273). One way of trim back dissonance is to search for additional information from sources such as experts and magazines. With searching for information to support and make the chosen alternative more attractive and the eradicate ones less attractive, thereby reducing dissonance (Hoyer MacInnis, 2007, p.272). Additionally, information that supports the consumers choice acts to reenforce confidence in the correctness of the purchase decision (Hawkins et al., 2001, p.628).2.4 Consumer development ProcessLearning is a progression by which consumers systematize their knowledge and it evolved over time. Consumers attitude and their future purchasing activities can be influenced by the l earning process constantly. For conference information from the stimuli in their environment consumers use their perceptual processes. According to Ganassali et.al (2009), consumer behaviour is approached by researchers adopting a variety of interpretative models and with a wide array of multidisciplinary frames, from rescue to sociology, psychology and anthropology. According to East (1997), a shared perspective the different approaches to the understanding of consumer purchase decisions can be grouped.2.4.1 Cognitive approachAccording to Ganassali et.al, (2009), this one is deeply rooted in the economic science and assumes a sensible behaviour of the decision maker, based on the price of the goods and on its attitude to respond to functional needs. The critical variable under this approach is the availability of equal information about purchase alternatives (price, product functionalities) to support the decisional process. So, from this approach, a main circumvent of determi nants concerning product characteristics drives the buying process.2.4.2 External conditioning approachAccording to Foxall, 1990 cited in Ganassali et.al, (2009), this approach, the purchase decision is a response to external stimuli .The significant variable under this approach is which kind of external stimuli can influence purchase decision. From this second approach, a group of external determinants can influence the buying process, for example parents opinions or ads exposure.2.4.3 Experience social fundamental interaction approachAccording to this approach, the present consumer decision aims at the construction of personal identity (Ganassali et.al, 2009). Following this idea, two main streams have been developed. One focuses on individual consumption decisions based on mad explanation of consumer behaviour (Holbrook and Hirschman, 1982).Ganassali et.al, (2009) also stated that the other stream concentrates on consumption as a means of social interaction, building on the grou ndbreaker sociological contribution of Veblen (1899 cited in Ganassali et.al, 2009). From both streams, the idea is that each prospective consumer has an individual internal value schema (based on internal emotions and external social interaction) that manipulates what he/she buys.2.5 Teenage Learning Process for ShoppingAccording to Solomon et al. (2004), teenagers are group of consumers that has a variety of needs. Such as, need for belonging, independence, approval, and responsibility, as well as having the need for experimentation. He also states that teenagers are increasingly given the task of buying products for the family. Since they not only have more spare time but also enjoy shopping more than their parents do. Therefore, marketers are targeting their ads primarily at teenagers. In order to gain teenagers attention more effectively, advertising campaigns must be honest, have clear messages, and humorous. Moreover, teenagers tend to be fickle and are likely to switch brand preference quicker than any other age group, as they have a high need to be received by their friends (Blackwell et al. 2001).According to Moschis and Moore (2001), as people grow up from childhood to adulthood, they obtain the skills, knowledge and attitude relevant to form purchase behaviour. The conceptual model of consumer socialisation presented in figure 2.5 demonstrates this. It claims that an individual learns from a socialisation agent through interaction and that changes his or her cognitive organisation with age. The socialisation agent (Churchill and Moschis, 1979), can be a family member, peers, teachers, the media, and media personalities like athletes, movies stars, and rock stars (Mowen and Minor, 1998). They can exert strong influences on the individual due to frequent interactions, superiority or control over rewards and punishments. The individual is influenced by the agent during the process of learning. However, this depends on the individuals cognitive develop ment or life stage and structural variables, like status, sex, age, social class and religious background. Additionally, the individual will develop cognitions and behaviour, learning properties, which will form his or her consumer behaviour (Moschis and Moore, 2001).In Moschis and Moore study on teenagers decision-making (2001), it was found that for low involvement products young people depend largely on the mass media for information. The results of the study imply that socialisation agents may affect the consumers decision-making cognitions. The study also found that low-involvement products are bought with peers rather than parents (Moschis and Moore, 2001). Furthermore, teenagers are more likely to stand on their evaluation on the brand name and the sale price in their buying decisions. Males are more motivated by social consumption and characterised by materialistic attitudes than females. This may be because status, baron and respect are important among the peers (Churchill and Moschis, 1979).2.6 Influencing Factors of Purchase Decision2.6.1 AdvertisementAdvertising informs consumers about the existence and benefits of products and services, and tries to persuade consumers to buy them (MacKenzie, 2004). Moreover, Kotler et al. (2005), claim that advertising aims at attaining target consumers to either think or respond to the product or brand. As a method of achieving advertisement goals, advertisements as well as their contents play an essential role in the process of commercialTeenage Purchasing Decisions for CosmeticsTeenage Purchasing Decisions for CosmeticsChapter 1 IntroductionThis introductory chapter is divided into five subsections. Firstly, a brief background of the research will be presented. Thereafter, the problem discussion will be provided, which in turn will lead to the purpose and objectives of the research. Finally, the delimitations and summary of the dissertation will be set.1.1 Research BackgroundAccording to Kotler (2008), consume r behavior is the study of how people buy, what they buy, when they buy and why they buy. It is a subcategory of marketing that blends elements from psychology, sociology, socio psychology, anthropology and economics. It attempts to understand the buyer decision-making process, both individually and in groups. It studies characteristics of individual consumers such as demographics, psychographics, and behavioral variables in an attempt to understand people needs. He also stated that it also tries to assess influences on the consumer from group such as family friends, reference groups, and society in general for example while consumers purchase the shoe, then they go for family decision, comfort, satisfaction, price and quality (Kotler, 2008).According to Baker (2002), consumers are not aware of the products and usage but constantly they are choosing among the various products. They are intentionally procuring the various new brands without any knowledge about the new products. Addit ionally if new company enters into the market, for every consumer it is very complicated to understand the features of the news products and this makes confusion among the consumers to obtain the information. For example If one local company enters into the market then to increase the knowledge about the features of the new product, it will take long time for the consumers to recognise.Baker (2004) stated that the consumer will respond according to the product quality and reliability, the fundamental understanding of products is necessary to understand the product features, products reliability and product benefits. The consumer is the end user for the product consumers buy the products in market in order to execute flourishing sales operations in the market an efficient distribution channel and networks are required for the organisations. He also stated that advertisement, distribution channels and networks play an important role in the consumer goods industry. Manufacturing compan ies, retailer and suppliers do not have an idea about the consumer behaviour in the local market. Thomas (2004) suggested that direct marketing activities should be left to the local market leaders, because the local market leaders have best idea of local market and local consumer behaviour.In the current literature, there are two major approaches to studying consumer decision-making involving screening and choice. One approach is to extend the single-stage choice models by adding an explicit choice set from which the final choice is made (Swait Adamowicz, 2001). Another approach studies the process of screening prior to choice (Teder, 2000). Understanding consumer decision-making is important. From a practical perspective, marketing managers are increasingly concerned that their products/brands may not be considered or chosen over those of their competitors. From a research perspective, a more representative model of the staged decision process may significantly improve our abilit y to predict consumer choices (Roberts Lattin, 1991).Recently, the growth of cosmetic industry in the global beauty market represents a slight slowdown due to a weakened economic state in the most developed markets and declining penetration of emerging markets. However, among the gloomy picture of the worlds cosmetic industry, the Asian market emerges as the brightest star as according to the Euromonitors report (2009), the Asia Pacific markets value is up to more than US$70 billion which is the second highest after the Western European market. Among the European markets, UK is the fastest growing market with the compound growth rate of fourteen percent over the period of 2000 to 2005. The economic growth of more than seven percent a year since 1990 could be the reason why the UKs cosmetic market has attracted a lot of the worlds cosmetic leaders like Unilever, LOreal, Johnson Johnson and PG. These cosmetic companies activities in UK help creating an exciting and competitive cosme tic market (Euromonitor, 2009).Consumers unique shopping patterns are developed and affected by socialization agents, which include family, peers, and the media. According to Lachance et. al (2003), these socialisation agents may often impact whether or not the adolescents will buy certain products or brands.. However Miller et.al (2003) claims that celebrity endorsements do not influence consumers purchasing behaviour. In contrast Boyd and Shank (2004) maintain that consumers, particularly teenagers, are likely to select products or brands that are endorsed by celebrities.Moreover, peers are likely to exert normative and informative influence. Lachance et. al, 2003 identified that they may influence the teenagers brand and product choices. Additionally, an individual is likely to conform to a group if he or she shares beliefs and norms with the group (Arnould et.al, 2004). Also, a group is likely to effectively exert influence on an individual if the individual is highly committed to the group (Hawkins et al, 2004).1.2 Reason Behind Choose the TopicThe main reason behind chosen this topic is previous studies have not precisely conducted a focused investigation into the influence of peers and celebrities on fifteen to eighteen year-old females purchasing behaviour in cosmetic products. Most researches on peer influence were conducted on general consumers with general products (Elliott and Leonard, 2004). Moreover, As for researcher, she always felt that Consumer Buying Behaviour is one of the most interesting subjects for her and as a female she thought to do a dissertation on the influence of celebrities endorsement on female teenagers would suitable for her to work on. Researcher did previous semester in LSC and she took a course on Research and Methodology (RM) which helped her to know the format of the research paper. Moreover her supervisor Dr.Fahads motivation and encouragement had helped researcher to select this topic. Researcher have studied out many articles of Consumer Buying Behaviour and annual reports of different cosmetic company and tried to sort out a topic, which is going to be suitable for her dissertation according to supervisors suggestion. This dissertation will help cosmetics firms and retail stores develop a precise marketing strategy to appeal to teenage consumers and to understand their purchasing behaviour.1.3 Research ProblemAccording to the website of BHB (2009), beauty and cosmetics are not innovations of the 20th century. It is known from reports of old Egypt and the Roman Empire that people have ever since attached importance to a cultivated appearance. Numerous up to date studies prove that today more than 60 per cent of women really care much about beauty, cosmetics, skin and body care. Even men show an increasing interest and demand in products such as skin care cosmetics, creams or anti aging lotions.To place and keep a cosmetic product successfully in the market, it is vital for companies active in ma nufacturing and selling cosmetics to have extensive scientific pharmaceutical and market research done. It is crucial for manufacturers of natural cosmetics or make up to know about consumer behaviour, trends and demands in the sector. Consumers might decide for a product because of its characteristics, its care factor, its sensitivity or its branding and attractive packaging. Cosmetics companies use the desires, senses and images consumers have or want to experience. More and more often, companies let celebrities and super models act as testimonials for fragrances, organic cosmetics or anti aging make up cosmetics. Colourful and exciting advertisements on TV, the internet or in print media tremendously influence consumer purchasing behaviour and desires. Packaging and the design of, for example, perfume bottles, let a cosmetics product appear even more desirable and trendy. This dissertation will focus on beauty products in order to help cosmetics industry and retail stores develop a precise marketing strategy to appeal to female teenagers and to understand their purchasing behaviour. Previous studies have not precisely conducted a focused investigation into the influence of peers and endorsers on fifteen to eighteen year-old males purchasing behaviour in cosmetic products. Most researches on peer influence were conducted on general consumers with general products (Cited in Escalas and Bettman, 2003). However, some research has investigated this influence among children (Piacentini and Mailer, 2004). According to Klein (2001), teenagers are mostly influenced by friends and may not necessarily be influenced by celebrities. Additionally, no research has been conducted on symbolic consumption in relation to beauty products among the above-mentioned age groups. The researches were conducted on general consumers with general products (Piacentini and Mailer, 2004).1.4 Research Aim and ObjectivesThe purpose of this study is to investigate internal and external influ ences on teenagers purchasing decisions on cosmetic products in London. This research also investigates that how celebrities influence the brand choice of teenagers buying behaviour towards cosmetics in London market.The key objectives of this study are outlined as followsTo investigate how consumer buying behaviour factors influence female teenagers when purchasing cosmetic products.To explore the role of peers and celebrities and their influence on female teenagers purchasing decisions of cosmetic product.To analyse how celebrities influence the brand choice of youth females buying behaviour towards cosmetic products in London market.To give recommendation and conclusion.1.5 Research LimitationsThe delimitations of a research study indicate its parameters that is what the study will include and not include (Creswell, 2003). The scope of the study was limited to female consumers aged fifteen to eighteen living in the UK, specifically London city. This was due to time and budget con straints. In addition, the study only examines beauty products as opposed to general products. Further, the focus of the research was on symbolic consumption, peer groups and aspiration groups including beauty products endorsements rather than all internal and external influences.1.6 Structure of the DissertationChapter 1 In this chapter mainly it talks about introduction of this dissertation, which also includes brief introduction of the topic, research background, rationale behind choose the topic, problem statement, aim and objectives and limitations of this research.Chapter 2 The second chapter is the literature review of this dissertation concerned about, the works of various authors and scholars who have highlighted and discussed about the theories of consumer behaviour and celebrities endorsement from different dimension.Chapter 3 This chapter will analyse the overall market overview of cosmetics products in UKChapter 4 This third chapter will discuss the research method used in this research paper. Research method allows the researcher to plan and design the whole research in a proper way and shows the right direction to achieve an outcome. So the chapter explains the reasons behind the use of selected research method and the advantages by using the specified research approach.Chapter 5 This chapter discusses and analyses the market information and survey for the sake of the research. It also shows the data those have been gathered through interviews of customers, sales representative, and analyse the data to provide a fruitful meaning of the research finding.Chapter 6 This chapter has been discussed the research recommendations, limitations, further research on this topic and also describe how managers can get benefit or managerial implications of this paper.Chapter 2 Literature ReviewThis chapter is the theoretical foundations that underpin this research study. In this chapter the theoretical framework relevant to dissertation purpose and questions w ill be presented. The chapter starts with a presentation of the brief discussion on consumer buying behavior, followed by purchase decision process and teenagers learning process and thereafter theories regarding factors influencing the purchase decision will be discussed. The following chapter presents the theoretical foundation of this research. The framework of the literature review is outlined.2.1 Consumer behaviorConsumer behavior is the study of consumers as they exchange something of value for a product or service that satisfies their needs (Well Prensky, 2003, p.5). The study of consumer behavior focuses on how individuals make decisions to spend their available resources (time, money, effort) on consumption related items (Schiffman Kanuk, 2004, p.5). In short, the company should study and create the marketing campaign for their target group. But in the product life cycle, due to the consumer behavior the image, target audience or function of this product can be in change. This group of consumers have a diversity of needs, such as a need for belonging, independence, approval, and responsibility, as well as having the need for experimentation (Solomon et al. 2004). Teenagers are increasingly given the task of buying products for the family. They not only have more spare time but also enjoy shopping more than their parents do. For this reason, marketers are targeting their ads mainly at teenagers. To gain teenagers attention more effectively, advertising campaigns must be honest, have clear messages, and used with humour. Moreover, teenagers tend to be inconsistent and are likely to switch brand preference quicker than any other age group, as they have a high need to be accepted by their friends (Blackwell et al. 2001). Finally, teenagers are easier targets, because they have grown up in a culture of pure consumerism. Because of this, they are way more tuned into media because there is so much more media to be tuned into (Bush et al. 2004, p. 109).Teen agers enjoy advertisements a McCann survey shows that 75% of a sample of mixed 15-25 year olds felt that advertising was entertaining and 68% said that they found it a useful source of ideas about what to buy (Piper, 1998). When youths needs and desires are understood, marketers can show young consumers how products improve their lives. Harris Interactive, a Rochester, New York-based market research firm, estimates that teens spend on average $94.7 billion yearly ($3,309 per capita), while young adults between ages 20 and 21 spend $61.3 billion yearly ($7,389 per capita) (Schadelbauer, 2006). He also stated that interestingly, 69% of the U.S. youth respondents of one survey said that their parents pay their bills and they have little or no idea of who provides their telecommunications services or how much they cost. In the databases mentioned above, there are studies about ethical aspects of marketing to youth, whether regarding clothing, soft-drinks, cosmetics, technology, movies, records, food, and tapes exchange. Some companies use cool appeal in their advertisements. The young people distinguish themselves among social classes to the detriment of their natural behavior by purchasing cool products. Misleading advertisements change the behavior of young people and can affect them when they grow up. In the 1980s, Nike and Calvin Klein brands began to focus on brand capital rather than on products themselves. Now, the brand names become the objective of the purchase in itself (Bergadaa, 2007). In particular, cigarette and alcohol producers are criticized by those who say that they are marketing to immature consumers (Schadelbauer, 2006). According to the Keynote UK marketing report (2008), respondents were asked if they had used any so-called celebrity fragrances, as industry comment has been made on the popularity of such brands. Those who used fragrances endorsed by celebrities, who tended to be in the youngest age group, were most likely to have chosen Brit ney Spearss fragrance others of popularity included the Beckhambranded fragrances, and the Jennifer Lopez and Kylie Minogue fragrances The report also stated that the retail chain The Perfume Shop names Stunning by Katie Price (the glamour model formerly known as Jordan) as its most popular female fragrance of 2007, with Shh by Jade Goody in second position and Coleen by Coleen McLoughlin (the celebrity girlfriend of Manchester United football superstar Wayne Rooney) in fourth place. The Fragrance Shop, meanwhile, lists Coleen, Curious (Britney Spears) and Kate (Kate Moss) among its ten bestselling womens brands in 2007.2.2 Consumer Decision making theoriesAcoording to Shao (2006), the decision literature can be classified into three broad categories 1) normative 2) behavioural, and 3) naturalistic. In this section the differences between the three different approaches to studying consumer decision behaviour is identified.2.2.1 Normative decision theoryNormative Decision Theory orig inated in the economic discipline. According to Shao (2006), earliest researchers viewed decision-making as gambles and decision makers as economic men striving to maximise payoffs. The word normative describes how decision makers should behave in order to obtain maximum payoffs. Examples of Normative Decision Theory include Expected Utility Theory adapted by Neumann Morgenstern (1947) and Subjective Expected Utility Theory adapted by Savage (1954) (Cited in Shao, 2006).An important addition of the Expected Utility Theory is the Subjective Expected Utility Theory proposed by Savage (1954). The main difference between the two is that the former uses objective probabilities, while the final uses subjective probabilities. By substituting subjective probabilities for objective probabilities, Subjective Expected Utility Theory proposes that the decision maker may be uncertain about whether the various outcomes (payoffs) will actually occur if the option is chosen (Beach, 1997). On the o ther hand according to Schoemaker (1982), Normative Decision Theory is actually a family of theories and at their core is a rational decision maker. The implied decision process is a single-stage process of consistent calculations of the options utilities. He also stated that consumer decision-making is a complex process. However, the normative assumptions are imposing an order on the complexity of decision-making (Beach, 1997). Over time, there has been growing discontent with the normative approach to studying consumer decision-making because the observed decision behaviour often violate the underlying assumptions of Normative Decision Theory.2.2.2 Behavioural decision theoryBehavioural Decision Theory emerged when decision researchers observed that decision makers seldom make explicit tradeoffs, let alone explicit use of probability and their preferences are constructed, not invariant (Bettman et al., 1998). The rational decision maker depicted by Normative Decision Theory was ch allenged by Simon (1955) who argued that decision makers have only bounded rationality and is seeking to satisfy. He also argued that Normative Decision Theory put severe demands upon the choosing organism and those consumers do not necessarily search for all available alternatives, but choose the first feasible alternative that exceeds a given amount of payoffs. However he also proposed classic Satisfying strategy that was employed on decision makers in complex choice situations (Cited in Shao, 2006)2.2.3 Naturalistic decision theoryNaturalistic Decision Theory originated from the discipline of organisational behaviour. According to Shao (2006), many researchers have developed various naturalistic decision models based on their observations of how decisions are made by individuals in natural environments. For example, a decision maker such as a fire ground commander will first recognize the fire situation, generate a few potential plans of actions, use cognitive imagination to asse ss the appropriateness of each plan to controlling the fire, and then act on the plan that he believes is the most appropriate (Cited in Orasanu Connolly, 2009).2.3 The Buying Decision ProcessThe consumer decision making process consists of mainly five steps according to most researchers within the field (Peter and Olson 2005, p.169). They also stated that the steps included in the model are need or problem recognition, information search, evaluation of alternatives, purchase and the post-purchase process. However, not all purchased require every step. Consumer can skip the evaluation of alternatives when considering low involvement products (Peter Olson 2005, p.168). According to Hawkins et al. (2001, pp.26-27) there are more aspects than only decision making process that affect consumer behavior which are external and internal influences.2.3.1 Problem recognitionThe consumer decision making process generally begins when the consumer identifies a consumption problem that needs to be solved (Hoyer MacInnis, 2007, p. 195). Problem recognition is the perceived difference between an ideal and actual state. Ideal state is the way consumers would like a situation to be or the way they want to feel or be at the present time. An actual state is the way individuals perceive their feelings and situation to be at the present time (Hawkins et al., 2001, p.508). It can be said that consumer encounter the dissatisfaction or inconvenience situation and they would like to move to other preferable ones, problem is therefore recognized (Hawkins et al., 2001, p.508).2.3.2 Information searchOnce the problem is recognized, relevant information from the past experience or long term memory is used to determine if a satisfactory solution is known, this is called internal search (Hawkins et al., 2001, p.528) and if the solution cannot be found in internal search then the external information relevant to the problem will be sought. Normally after problem recognition has been stimul ated, the consumer will usually begin the decision process to solve the problem, typically from internal search because each consumer has store in memory a variety of information, feelings and past experiences that can be recalled when making a decision (Hoyer MacInnis, 2007, p.195). However, the stored memory can be decayed overtime, then they will be uncertain about their recalled information they will be engaged in external search, acquiring information from outside sources. According to Hoyer and MacInnis (2007, p.205), consumers can acquire information from five major categories of external sources such as from retailers, media, other people and independent sources, and by experiencing the product. After searching for appropriate evaluation criteria, the consumers would probable seek appropriate alternatives-in this case brands, or possibly stores. They also identified that brands are affected in internal search and external search. In the internal search, consumers recall the sets of brands from their memory wherever the problem recognition occurred. Normally two to eight brands are tended to recall at a time and if they cannot recall brands from memory, the set of external factors such as availability on the shelf or suggestion from salesperson will then affected consumers purchasing. Additionally, well-known brands are more easily recalled during internal search than unfamiliar brands because the memory links associated with these brands tend to be stronger (Hoyer MacInnis, 2007, pp. 203-204).2.3.3 Evaluation of alternativesThe next step in the process is an evaluation of the alternatives which consumer compares the available options and information that has been gather through the searching process (McCall et. al., 2002) and seem most likely to solve the problem. There are two methods that consumers use when evaluating alternatives, which are attribute-based choice, this choice requires the knowledge of the consumers to compare the attribute of each available alternative and tends to exploit more effort and time, thus to be rational in the evaluation. And the other method applied is attitude-based choice, this method occur when consumers use their emotion, such as attitude and impression, in their evaluation (Hawkins et al., 2001, pp.560-562).2.3.4 Purchase decisionConsumers evaluate the stores image such as merchandise, service, physical facilities, convenience, promotion, store atmosphere, institution and post-transaction factors and make a selection to purchase at that specific outlet. On the other aspect, amount of the purchase, it is common that the consumers enter to one outlet with an intention to buy a particular brand but leave the store with a different brand or additional items. This shows the influences operating in the store effect consumers purchasing decision (Hawkins et al., 2001, pp.609-618).2.3.5 Post purchase behaviorAfter purchase, the customers evaluate their level of satisfaction or dissatisfaction with t he product. Buyer satisfaction is determined by how close the products performance came to meet the buyers product expectations (Hoyer MacInnis, 2007). They also stated that consumers can experience dissonance (anxiety over whether the correct decision was made) or regret after a purchase (pp.272-273). One way of reducing dissonance is to search for additional information from sources such as experts and magazines. With searching for information to support and make the chosen alternative more attractive and the reject ones less attractive, thereby reducing dissonance (Hoyer MacInnis, 2007, p.272). Additionally, information that supports the consumers choice acts to bolster confidence in the correctness of the purchase decision (Hawkins et al., 2001, p.628).2.4 Consumer Learning ProcessLearning is a progression by which consumers systematize their knowledge and it evolved over time. Consumers attitude and their future purchasing activities can be influenced by the learning process constantly. For gathering information from the stimuli in their environment consumers use their perceptual processes. According to Ganassali et.al (2009), consumer behaviour is approached by researchers adopting a variety of interpretative models and with a wide array of multidisciplinary frames, from economy to sociology, psychology and anthropology. According to East (1997), a shared perspective the different approaches to the understanding of consumer purchase decisions can be grouped.2.4.1 Cognitive approachAccording to Ganassali et.al, (2009), this one is deeply rooted in the economic science and assumes a sensible behaviour of the decision maker, based on the price of the goods and on its attitude to respond to functional needs. The critical variable under this approach is the availability of sufficient information about purchase alternatives (price, product functionalities) to support the decisional process. So, from this approach, a main block of determinants concerning prod uct characteristics drives the buying process.2.4.2 External conditioning approachAccording to Foxall, 1990 cited in Ganassali et.al, (2009), this approach, the purchase decision is a response to external stimuli .The significant variable under this approach is which kind of external stimuli can influence purchase decision. From this second approach, a group of external determinants can influence the buying process, for example parents opinions or ads exposure.2.4.3 Experience social interaction approachAccording to this approach, the present consumer decision aims at the construction of personal identity (Ganassali et.al, 2009). Following this idea, two main streams have been developed. One focuses on individual consumption decisions based on emotional explanation of consumer behaviour (Holbrook and Hirschman, 1982).Ganassali et.al, (2009) also stated that the other stream concentrates on consumption as a means of social interaction, building on the pioneer sociological contributio n of Veblen (1899 cited in Ganassali et.al, 2009). From both streams, the idea is that each prospective consumer has an individual internal value schema (based on internal emotions and external social interaction) that manipulates what he/she buys.2.5 Teenage Learning Process for ShoppingAccording to Solomon et al. (2004), teenagers are group of consumers that has a variety of needs. Such as, need for belonging, independence, approval, and responsibility, as well as having the need for experimentation. He also states that teenagers are increasingly given the task of buying products for the family. Since they not only have more spare time but also enjoy shopping more than their parents do. Therefore, marketers are targeting their ads primarily at teenagers. In order to gain teenagers attention more effectively, advertising campaigns must be honest, have clear messages, and humorous. Moreover, teenagers tend to be fickle and are likely to switch brand preference quicker than any other age group, as they have a high need to be received by their friends (Blackwell et al. 2001).According to Moschis and Moore (2001), as people grow up from childhood to adulthood, they obtain the skills, knowledge and attitude relevant to form purchase behaviour. The conceptual model of consumer socialisation presented in figure 2.5 demonstrates this. It claims that an individual learns from a socialisation agent through interaction and that changes his or her cognitive organisation with age. The socialisation agent (Churchill and Moschis, 1979), can be a family member, peers, teachers, the media, and media personalities like athletes, movies stars, and rock stars (Mowen and Minor, 1998). They can exert strong influences on the individual due to frequent interactions, superiority or control over rewards and punishments. The individual is influenced by the agent during the process of learning. However, this depends on the individuals cognitive development or life stage and structural variables, like status, sex, age, social class and religious background. Additionally, the individual will develop cognitions and behaviour, learning properties, which will form his or her consumer behaviour (Moschis and Moore, 2001).In Moschis and Moore study on teenagers decision-making (2001), it was found that for low involvement products young people depend largely on the mass media for information. The results of the study imply that socialisation agents may affect the consumers decision-making cognitions. The study also found that low-involvement products are bought with peers rather than parents (Moschis and Moore, 2001). Furthermore, teenagers are more likely to stand on their evaluation on the brand name and the sale price in their buying decisions. Males are more motivated by social consumption and characterised by materialistic attitudes than females. This may be because status, power and respect are important among the peers (Churchill and Moschis, 1979).2.6 Influencing Factors of Purchase Decision2.6.1 AdvertisementAdvertising informs consumers about the existence and benefits of products and services, and tries to persuade consumers to buy them (MacKenzie, 2004). Moreover, Kotler et al. (2005), claim that advertising aims at attaining target consumers to either think or respond to the product or brand. As a method of achieving advertisement goals, advertisements as well as their contents play an essential role in the process of commercial

Culture and Gender Differences in Communication

Culture and sexual activity Differences in CommunicationCULTURE AND COMMUNICATIONWhile studying culture and communication, it is found that gender is an important fixings that make outs a disagreement in communication.victimization evidences and examples from local and international, highlight and explain those differences.In a wider context, the use of signs and symbols has different meaning in verbal and non-verbal communication.Using examples explain and illustrate the most popular signs and symbols used in communication worldwide and discuss the key differences in their meaning.For men and women, communication fag end be a very long drive, using different roads most probably to get to the same place. Having express that, it would be appropriate to first pay a definition of the word communication followed by what gender is all astir(predicate). at that placefore, communication is known as a two-way process involving individuals trying to try mutual understanding. Initial ly, it does non involve only the process of exchanging informations, ideas and feelings but also avails to develop and sh ar meaning. It generally connects battalion or places in society. Communication is an of the essence(p) key function for the management of individual, be it in the society, in an organisation or at home. Intriguingly, nothing can operate strongly if communication does not prevail as it should. As planned, we have to apportion a definition of the word gender which is an important factor that creates a gap between males and females. Gender refers to the attitudes, feelings and behaviour that a given culture associates with ones biological sex. We also find it important to delineate culture which is the behaviour and belief of people depending on their particular social, ethnic or age group. Men and women are somehow universe introduced to their particular gender roles at a very neighborly age. For exampleLittle girls talk more than indirectly little boys t alk directly. Little girls talk more with words little boys use more actions.Also, the differences can clearly be seen among teenagers in college and promote at the workplace whereby women have the tendency to ask loads of questions before still starting the work as compared to men who are more prone to simply roll up their sleeves and get on with the work and assume that ladies are somehow worthless. As a matter of fact, these differences reflect in theStyleContentStructureUnique combination of influences on cognitive behaviorAccording to researches, it can be said that men and women communicate differently by adopting distinct legal transfer skills in regards to the situation they are facing, the purposes and the roles they play in society or at work. either these are consequently derived from gender differences emerged from both social and professional settings. Furthermore, gender can also be redefined as a paramount factor touch communication within an organisation. In po int of fact, gender differences are in one way or the some other revealed during conflict or even table service as a cataclysm for conflicts while communicating. Generally telling, women are famous to read between the lines while men communicate to build up status. It is fatal that most of the times, girls use words to express their feelings, associate themselves emotionally or build rapport whereas men often contribute facts and figures as in a report. In regards to contents, men are more interested in talking about sports, money and blood line while ladies are always busy debating about feelings, relationships and people. Structure-wise, men are precise by directly coming to the point. Unlike women who are more detailed, regretful and animated, men are mostly not descriptive.Surprisingly, gender differences being a threat to the society and installing misunderstanding at work can however be beneficial in a original way to both environments. The importance of communication ma ybe sight in everyday life, for instance, a little connection can have a giant impact and influence in ones life. We all share the same ideas that males grow up learning some essential elements considered as being the center of masculinity such as being successful, aggressive, sexual and self-reliant. Certainly most men individually see life as a competition, thusly it can be put forward that the way they communicate becomes more of a brawl where they have to win. On the other side of the coin, females are taught that port is important, showing sensitivity and care is a must and they should anywise expect negative treatment from others. It is believed that through communication with others, we come to understand how society defines masculinity and feminity. allow us see how we can proceed accordingly.Most women are conditioned by culture to maintain harmonious relationships with others. That condition is revealed in softened demands, confine statement and generally more tentati ve or lack confidence speech. Both men and women differ in the way they manage people and give orders. Many well-known studies have featured the fact that women have the tendency to soften their demands and statements, as compared to men who tend to be more direct. Women for example, use commemorate lines, phrases like dont you think preceding the presentation of an idea, if you dont mind following a demand or this may be a crazy idea, but followed by a suggestion, trying to make their opinions and ideas be accepted and understood by others.As it has been mentioned above, in most cases women tend to ask more questions as compared to men. Indeed, asking, questions have different meanings when it comes to gender differences. Men ask questions for only one reason to crumple information. For women, asking questions have purposes to gather information, but as it can be noticed, women inquest when they already know the answer. The reason behind this is that they want to seek interest in what the other person has to utter in order to cultivate the relationship. muchover, be it in Mauritius or elsewhere, we normally observe that men are more likely to lean towards setting and acquiring goals contrary to women who show more passion for acceptance. Most men are known to act independently which means that they hardly seek advice or help from others while women chose to be in mutual understanding rather than showing unnecessary pride in most situations whereby they take decisions based on their colleagues. In most countries, men tend to expose their respect to their peers in the way the latter communicate remote to women who show empathy through their actions. Also, women are well-known for their effective listening skills as compared to men.In addition to what has been said above, studies have proven that in Japan, men and women are expected to use different words to make reference to same points as compared to most other countries including Mauritius whereby both ge nders are supposed to use the same words to deliver a piece of information. Amazingly, it has been noticed that in the Chinese culture, the pitch and pronunciation that men and women use can differ. Men can take longer to express themselves as compared to women overall, of course depending on the topic raised. Similarly to the rest of the world, Chinese men converse more about politics and economy rather than family and education which are dedicated in the first place for women. Unlike most Mauritian women, Chinese ones barely engaged themselves in conversation involving love and marriage. We also came to the conclusion that Chinese, Japanese and Indian women are not expected or rather allowed to talk about sensitive topic with strangers, contrary to Americans and Europeans whether male or female who surely can interact with whoever they want.In Japan, men and women have different ways of communicating. Women in Japan speak more politely as compared to men. The Japanese language fe atures elements that make womens speech sound polite and feminine. In the meanwhile, mens speech sound less polite and masculine. The language difference between genders reinforces Japanese social norms. Where women are the subordinates of men.In England modern society, it would therefore appear that women are equal with men. However the harsh reality tells us that women are not provided with an equal opportunity even for discussion, due to the fact that the two sexes respectively command different communication styles. In other words, the language women use is different from the one that men use.For further information, we made some researches and decided to interview a few people in the sole aim to gather unbiased data regarding the main differences that hold out between the communication that flows between local men and women. Surely, we were delighted to know that most women in Mauritius are not keen to get themselves involved in conversations with strangers. Adversely, the maj ority of the local men will not hesitate to start conversing with someone they come across. Men hereby find it easier and comfortable to interact with others opposed to women and we strongly believe that this is due to on the way they have been brought up and develop their personality. In point of fact, this can help in building refreshed relationships.More onwards, we also understood that Mauritian men pay more attention to football and other sport games and women mostly to fashion and make up. There is also another interesting point that we would definitely like to add is that amongst the working class people in Mauritius, women have the tendency to communicate more about the price of food and children and men are happier talking about politics or which cars are available in the market. Also, alike to most countries, women in Mauritius are always engaged in trend of GOSSIPING contradictory to men who most of the time try to escape from it.For a fact, it can be observed that while travelling, we can see many key differences in gender communication around the globe. In terms of couples, we can see that Asiatic people find it normal to communicate at higher pitch as compared to Americans and Europeans who usually opt to talk at a lower pitch. typically speaking, most local people whether men or women, they both communicate at high pitch depending on the regions from which they belong and circumstances.Assuredly, gender communication difference is a worldwide issue. Communication between men and women differ in many ways, affecting their speech and outcomes. Nonetheless there are many other differences that can be highlighted in the way men and women communicate but we do believe that the above examples would help you have an idea of people interact with each other on a day to day basis. Without a doubt, gender differences help to resolve conflicts and strengthen healthy relationships.Now we shall give you an perceptiveness of the gender differences of both lo cal and international peopleGENDER DIFFERENCESMEN(LOCAL INTERNATIONAL)WOMEN(LOCAL INTERNATIONAL)ConversationReport talking(12 ergocalciferol words/day)Rapport talking(25 500 words/day)Problem-SolvingAre problem solversDesire to understand problemsChanging Subjects scat to focus on the details of factMay mix personal and business talkRequestsTend to seek the respect of their peersCare for the approval of peersEqualityRelate to others as rivalsRelate to others as equalsManaging ups downsFreely offer advice and analysisTend to ask for help, advice and directionsBody LanguageDesires spaceDesire closeness, togetherness and affinityFeedbackChoose or resolve by force, persuasion or majority ruleMore concerned with feelingsIt has been discussed before that woman is more expressive than men. Research has shown that women are more focused on social-emotional interactions with others. Men and women tend to cope with stress and difficulties differently. color, 1992 stated that men cope wit h stress by drawing themselves from the conversation while women cope by reaching out and talking about the cause of the stress. Gray coined the phrase, Men go to their caves and women talk. This is why women in average speak about 25,500 words in a day and men in average speak about 12,500 words a day. Thusly it can be added that both gender should keenly comprehend each other in purpose to negate misunderstandings and conflicts.

Jurassic Park :: essays research papers

Jurassic ParkMichael Crichton, in his outstandingly exciting acquaintance fiction novel, JurassicPark, has put together a suspenseful, compelling, riveting, frightening,realistic, thrilling, and scientifically informative foundation, combiningsophisticated biotechnology with prehistoric legend, blending the past, present,and the future, and a terrifying nightmares of erudition run wild, packed withhumans and genetically engineered dinosaurs, including mesmerizing, fast pacedaction. It is a world where the contributor where the reader decides what ishappening in the book. If the reader enjoys fast-paced science fiction, thereader pass on certainly enjoy the fascinating world of Jurassic Park. All of thedifferent characters in this world, share different feelings of action,reactions, thrill, nervousness, and their beliefs.     Ian Malcolm, a very knowledgeable mathematician, decides to go to theisland of Isla Nublar to observe the biological preserve that a co mpany namedIn-Gen has created for the world to see at a price. Malcolm always had doubtsabout this world of total chaos. Everyone thought that the world of JurassicPark, is a world of new state of the art technology and entertainment. Untileverything goes wrong. The electric fences stopped working, and the dinosaursescaped. Ian Malcolms opinion of this world is that it wont survive, or thehumans wont survive. The world has survived everything until now, it willsurely survive the dinosaurs once more. But us, the humans are the ones thatmay not survive. "Our planet is four and a half billion years old. thither hasbeen life on this planet for nearly that long. Three point eight billion. Thefirst bacteria. And later, the first multi-cellular animals, and the firstcomplex creatures, in the sea, on the land. coarse dynasties of creaturesarising, flourishing, dying away, mountain ranges thrust up and eroded away,cometary impacts, volcanic eruptions, oceans rising and falling, wholecon tinents moving.

Oliver Twist Essay -- essays research papers

Charles Dickens wrote Oliver Twist, in 1883, to show the reader things as they really are. He felt that the novel should be a message of companionable reform. One of its purposes was to promote reform of the abuses in havehouses. In no way does Dickens get a dream world. His imagination puts together a deleterious place during a bad time an English workhouse just after the Poor Law Act of 1834 (Scott-Kilvert, 48). In the first chapter of Oliver Twist, Dickens moves from comedy to ruth and from pathos to satire. He takes us from the drunken old woman to the dying mother to the hardened doctor. Such rapid switches help in all the afterwards novels to hold together disparate effects, to provide variety and unity, and to give that double opportunity for comedy and pathos that Dickens admired in stage melodrama (Scott-Kilvert, 47). In this first chapter, Dickens also captures life and death in a single sentence, "Let me see the child, and die." (Dickens, 2). This sums up th e mothers will to see the newborn baby, and takes a short stride from birth to death. Dickens seems to create his characters to open the readers eyes to the true characteristics of their nature. One of his subjects are conditioned human nature and the relationship of the individual to his environment (Scott-Kilvert, 47-48). In Oliver Twist, Dickens attempts to free his characters of any influence of their environment. He muddles the message of the novel by making Oliver immune to an environment which is denounced as necessarily corrupt (Price, 86). Dickens created Olivers character to be virtuous and innocent. He put many stressed tests on him in the course of the book. Dickens comes close to endangering Olivers idealized virtue, though in the great temptation scene in Chapter 18 (Scott-Kilvert, 49). This is where the child is being carefully brainwashed, first cunningly cold-shouldered and isolated, then cunningly brought in the ruinous warmth of the thieves family circle (Scott -Kilvert, 49). Oliver was but too glad to make himself useful too happy to have some faces, however bad, to look upon too hungry(predicate) to conciliate those about him when he could honestly do so to throw any objection in the way of this proposal. So he at one time expressed his readiness and, kneeling on the floor, while Dodger sat upon the table so that he could take his foot in his lap, he utilize himself to... ...uous are prosecuted by the rich and corrupt (Gerould, 287). The motive force of melodrama is the villain. The dynamic and sinister figure recognized by the audience as the embodiment of wickedness (Gerould, 287). The result is usually a happy one for the sympathetic character, resulting in just rewards and punishments and affirming the laws of morality and the benevolent wakings of providence (Gerould, 287). This is so true of the literary work of art of Oliver Twist. Dickens allowed virtue and good prevail over crime and evil. This book was clearly made to show the reality of the world. Dickens does not create a dream world that captures the optimism of readers. He is truly showing things as they really are how hte world really is. He carefully planned his position and his description of places so theat he could capture every detail of the hard life. As Martin Price put it in Dickens, "Oliver Twist is not a solid novel-it does not liberate us" (Price, 84-385). Dickens purpose was to spark a sense of rage through peoples hearts towards the English workhouses. He was promoting reform by acquiring the people "involved" in the melodramatic novel of Oliver Twist.

George Meade :: History

George MeadeDo you know who was the general for the Second involution of strapper Run? Everyone knows what the Second Battle of Bull Run is but who was the general? Some sight even know that the North won that participation. Most people do not know that General George Meade defeated General Lee at that battle. General George Mead accomplished much during wartime. General George Meade had many accomplishments during wartime. First of all, he defeated General Lee at the Second Battle of Bull Run. Why would not General Meade crush General Lee at this battle and end the war there? Facts say that heavy fog and rain forced Meade to stop. Likewise, on June 1, 863 a surprise encounter forced his troops into the Battle of Gettysburg, the greatest battle on American soil. This battle came about when General Lees army needed shoes. The two forces met here on accident and fought to a conquest for the North. Lee acknowledged his defeat and retreated to Virginia. Not only did Meade serve in t he Civil War, but also served in the Mexican War. He served in the battles of Palo Alto, Monterey, and Veracruz. During these he served under General Zachory Taylor. To sum up, General George Meade accomplished many things during his time at war. Each of General George Meades accomplishments had one major effect on how life is today. To start, if Meade had not defeated Lee at the Second Battle of Bull Run the war would not have started off positively for the North. This was authorized because the soldiers gained their confidence when they won this battle. If the North would have lost the entire war the U.S. would be two different countries. Secondly, Meades defeat of Lee at the accidental Gettysburg. This was a battle that turned the war around and gave the North the advantage. This was the Norths first victory in a long time. Finally, if the U.S. had not have won the Mexican War, Where Meade served as a soldier, the U.S. would not have gained the southwest portion of the country. This ,as you remember, was where the gold rush took place that caused the country to spread out over the land. As has been shown, Meades accomplishments had many cause on how life is lived today. There are many things that would be different if George Meade had never lived.