Environmental Engineering Essay

It involves counterbalance urine managementand demeanor pollutioncontrol, recycling,waste disposal, radiation protection, industrial hygiene, environmental sustainability, and national healthissues as comfortably as a knowledge ofenvironmental engineering law. It is a link study of environmental intelligence. Main task of environmental engineers is to protect public health by protecting (from further abjection), preserving (the present condition of), and enhancing the environment. some(a) work of environmental engineers Conducts hazardous-waste managementstudies to evaluate the signifi cannisterce of such(prenominal) hazards, force out on treatment and containment, and develop regulations to prevent mishaps. Design municipal irrigate supply andindustrial wastewater treatmentsystems. Address environmental issues such as the effects ofacid rain, international warming,oz i depletion, water pollution and air pollution fromautomobile exhaustsandindustrial sources.Environmental sci enceis an interdisciplinary donnish fieldthat integrates physical and biological sciences, (including but not limited toEcology,Physics,Chemistry,Biology, terra firma Science,Geology,Atmospheric ScienceandGeography) to the study of the environment, and the solution of environmental problems. Environmental science provides an integrated, quantitative, and interdisciplinary apostrophize to the study of environmental systems. Environmental science came awake(p) as a substantive, active field of scientific investigation in the 1960s and 1970s driven by the ff. ssues (a) the need for a multi-disciplinary approach to analyze complex environmental problems. (b) the arrival of substantive environmental laws requiring specialised environmental protocols of investigation. (c) the upgradeing public aw areness of a need for deed in addressing environmental problems.Related areas of study environmental studies incorporates more of the loving sciences for understanding human relationships, perceptions and policies towards the environment. 2. environmental engineering focuses on design and engine room for improving environmental quality. Comp one(a)nts of Environmental Science Ecologyis the study of the interactions mingled with existences and their environment. Ecologists might investigate the relationship between a race of beings and some physical characteristic of their environment, such as concentration of a chemical depicted object or they might investigate the interaction between a ii populations of different organisms through some symbiotic or competitive relationship.For example, an interdisciplinary analysis of an ecological system which is being impacted by one or more stressors might acknowledge several related environmental science fields. In an estuarine setting where a proposed industrial knowledge could impact certain species bywaterandair pollution,biologistswould describe the plant life and fauna,chemistswould analyze the transport of water pollutants to the marsh,physicistswould calculateair pollutionemissions andgeologistswould assist in understanding the marsh disfigurements and bay muds. . Atmospheric sciencesfocuses on the nations atmosphere, with an emphasis upon its interrelation to other(a) systems. Atmospheric sciences can include studies ofmeteorology,greenhouse gasphenomena,atmospheric dispersion idealingof airborne contaminants,34sound multiplication phenomena related tonoise pollution, and evenlight pollution.Taking the example of theglobal warmingphenomena, physicists createcomputer modelsof atmospheric circulation and infra-red radiation transmission, chemists examine the store of atmospheric chemicals and their reactions, biologists analyze the plant and animal contributions tocarbon dioxidefluxes, and specialists such asmeteorologistsandoceanographers add additional breadth in understanding the atmospheric dynamics. 3. Environmental chemistryis the study of chemical alterations in the environmen t.Principal areas of study includesoil contaminationandwater pollution. The topics of analysis include chemical degradation in the environment, multi-phase transport of chemicals (for example, evaporation of a resultantcontaining lake to yield solvent as an air pollutant), and chemical effects upon biota. As an example study, overturn the case of a leakingsolventtank which has entered the home ground soil of an threaten speciesof amphibian.As a method to resolve or understand the terminus ofsoil contaminationand subsurface transport of solvent, a computer model would be implemented. Chemists would then characterize the molecular bonding of the solvent to the proper(postnominal) soil fictional character, and biologists would study the impacts upon soilarthropods, plants, and ultimately pond-d surfaceing organisms that are the victuals of the peril amphibian. 4. Geosciencesincludeenvironmental geology,environmental soil science, volcanic phenomena and evolution of the priming coats crust.In some classification systems this can besides includehydrology, includingoceanography. As an example study of soilserosion, calculations would be made ofsurface runoffby soil scientists. Fluvial geomorphologists would assist in examiningsediment transportin overland flow. Physicists would contribute by assessing the changes in light transmission in the receiving waters. Biologists would analyze subsequent impacts to aquatic flora and fauna from increases in water turbidity. Ecology study of the interactions between organisms and their environment. starts as early as three hundred BC with the Greek named Theophastus, his interest with the interrelationship between organism and the spiritedness environment, become his as the Father of Botany. Environment refers to the sum of all the outside forces and conditions acting on an organism or community of organism. oekologie was coined by the German zoologist, Ernst Haeckel, comes from the greek word oikos, meaning home or a outrank to live in. defines as the relationship of animals both to the organic as well as the inorganic environment, in the mid-1900s both sort out of botanist, one from the Europe and America, become interested in the study of plants communities, the Europeans signd on the composition, structure and distribution of plant communities, on the other hand the Americans concentrate to the development of plant, eventually they become interested at the animals as well, and gave a greater emphasis on inter-relationship of animals and plants.This become the birth of ecology as the formal field of study. British economist, Thomas Malthus, gave special attention to population in the early 19th century, his the first one o recognise the conflict between expanding population and earths capability to supply it. scope of ecology, organism (eg. Proto-plasma, cell, tissue, organ, organ system), population, community, ecosystem, and biosphere. Organism Levels of organization of life (i nside the organism) Protoplasma it makes up the animate substance of the cell.Cell basic unit of life Tissue- root word of cell performing particular purposes Organ- group of tissue carrying a particular functions Organ system group of organ doing s specific function. Levels of organization of life (inside the organism) Population group of organism of the same kind or species occupying a particular home plate at a particular time. Community a group of populations occupying a given area. Ecosystem basic unit of ecology, refers to the interaction between the organism and environment. It includes population, communities, habitat (the place where the organism lives) and the environment. eg. forest, grassland, river, etc. ) Biosphere world of life. It is the portion of the earth where in life on its any form existed. Components of ecosystem Biotic they are the living components of ecosystem consisting of plants, animals and bacteria. Abiotic they are the non living component that consist of substratum, light, rain, nutrients, soil, temperature, etc. Biotic Components leafy vegetable plants known as the producers. They capture the null coming from the sun and unneurotic with the CO2 in the air and H2O converts this into food energy.They are called autotrophs (self nourishing), they get their own food through the process of photosynthesis. There are also microscopic green plant called phytoplanktons, they give the green color to the bodies of water such as lake and rivers Animals Known as the consumers. Obtain other food sources to other plants and animals they are called heterotrophs. Three types of consumers Herbivores that eat plants only Carnivores animals that eat other animals. Omnivores- eat both plants and animals.Bacteria and Fungi They are called decomposers. They eat the executed bodies of plants and animals, where they get their energy and convert it to other nutrients back into the environment. They are universal called the janito r of the nature. Abiotic Components Soil the upper layer of the earths crust bear upon by plants and animals serves as the habitat and pool of nutrients for many organism. Humus slanted decaying organic substance comprise in the soil. Physical characteristic of soil Color The color of the soils is influence by the element present in the soil.Soil color and element presesent Grey (lacks of iron) Brown & red (rich in iron) Texture the texture of the soil affects the amount of water and nutrients the soil can hold. Texture of the soil Sandy (composed of coarse particles) Clay (consist of fine particles) back up (composed of medium size particles. ) Loamy (mixture of clay, sand and silt) Moisture Water fill of the soil. It is influence by factors such as Texture Amount of rainfall Slope of the land Underlying rock type. pH The concentration of atomic number 1 ions on the soil.The soil which contain a large amount of linden is alkaline and with large amount of granite id acid. pH value raging from 1-6 is acidic and 8-14 are basic while those with 7 reading is neutral type of soil. Structure Refers to the arrangement of its particle which build up large amount of soil structure is called peds. The peds damage will result to the short(p) drainage of water to the soil. 2. Water Importance of water in ecosystem It embody of a large percentage of the tissues of all living organism. Required by plants to support their non woody tissues.Used by the plants as a vas of nutrients from the soil. It is absorbed by the plant and release in the environment which produces the cool effect. Plant adaptation to water (Based on the tolerance of plant to water. ) * Hydropytes (Plants that promote in water and waterlogged soils) * Halophytes (Plants that grow in saline environment. ) * Xerophytes (Plants that grow in dry or arid condition. 3. Temperature Affects the plant and cooled blooded animals by controlling their metabolism. Affect the water loss of the organism. Most organism function at temperature between 0 degree to 50 degree centigrade.. 4. arise An agent of pollination and seed dispersal. It also affects transpiration in the plants by causing faster evaporation with in their surroundings. Pathways of energy Energy It is needed by the organism for growth, maintenance and repair and for life. Organism obtain their energy by two ways Autotrophy (producing their own food) Heterotrophy (eating other organism) Food Chain represent of the sequence of organism that eat other organism through which energy is transferred. Every food chain starts a producer and end with decomposers.trophic levels of food chain First trophic ( producers) Second trophic (herbivores called immemorial consumers) Third trophic (carnivore that eat hervobores) 4th trophic (carnivores that eat carnivores) In food chain the energy transferred from one trophic level to another(prenominal) is decreasing. Food web Consist of several interlocking food chain. It is a transf er of energy involving several pathways. Nutrients cycle Classification of Nutrients Macronutrients those that are infallible by organism by large quantities. Ex. Oxygen, carbon, nitrogen and hydrogen Micronutrient are needed by the organism by smaller amounts.Ex. Sulfur, potassium, iron, and phosphorus. Water Cycles evaporation (from bodies of water) Respiration ( from animals) Transpiration (from the trees) Condensation (accumulation of all the vapors, transpiration and respiration) Precipitation (for rain) Runoff (water run from the higher(prenominal) grounds) Carbon and Oxygen cycle Carbon is mostly present in the environment by cabon dioxide. Carbon dioxide is present at It could be found at dead organism. Volcano eruption. Respiration of animals. Oxygen is abundant in plants transpiration, it is release in the air as a waste return and absorbed by animals.Nitrogen Cycles Nitrogen constitutes 78% of air in the atmosphere. Plants used it as a nitrates, and nitrogen converte d it by two process The action of lightning. Process of action by specialized organism such as legumes. Communities Community Group of different kinds of organism or species living together in a particular place. Worlds Major communities 1. sweet Biome Bushes and shrubs for vegetation Sandy, dry and loose type of soil. Less than 10 cm of rain fall in a year. Lizards, snakes, eagles, owls, toads, insects and small